Evaluation of Water Content in an Active Layer Using Penetration-Type Time Domain Reflectometry
The moisture condition of the active layer in Arctic regions can induce severe problems, such as ground subsidence and frost heave. Thus, the water content in the active layer needs to be estimated using a light and portable in-situ testing device. In this study, a penetration-type time domain refle...
Published in: | Applied Sciences |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2018
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060935 https://doaj.org/article/30f61da709da48ea9793753bfa431e99 |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:30f61da709da48ea9793753bfa431e99 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:30f61da709da48ea9793753bfa431e99 2023-05-15T15:16:14+02:00 Evaluation of Water Content in an Active Layer Using Penetration-Type Time Domain Reflectometry Jong-Sub Lee Won-Taek Hong Keunbo Park Seung Seo Hong Sang-Ho Lee Yong-Hoon Byun 2018-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060935 https://doaj.org/article/30f61da709da48ea9793753bfa431e99 EN eng MDPI AG http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/6/935 https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417 2076-3417 doi:10.3390/app8060935 https://doaj.org/article/30f61da709da48ea9793753bfa431e99 Applied Sciences, Vol 8, Iss 6, p 935 (2018) active layer electrical resistivity time domain reflectometry (TDR) water content Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 article 2018 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060935 2022-12-31T00:39:05Z The moisture condition of the active layer in Arctic regions can induce severe problems, such as ground subsidence and frost heave. Thus, the water content in the active layer needs to be estimated using a light and portable in-situ testing device. In this study, a penetration-type time domain reflectometry (PTDR) device is developed for the estimation of volumetric water content in the active layer. The developed PTDR is applied at a site for an electrical resistivity survey to characterize the water distribution along a measurement line. A PTDR consists of a PTDR module, connecting rods, and a guide with a hammer. The PTDR module can determine the dielectric constant of a material from the measurement of the travel time of electromagnetic waves. Using remolded soil samples, the dielectric constants measured from the PTDR are calibrated with the volumetric water content. The PTDR calibration demonstrates that the dielectric constant increases with the water content. For the temperature of 0.1 to 15.2 °C, the travel time only slightly depends on the temperature variance. For field application, a PTDR is pressed into the ground and measures the electromagnetic waves and temperature with depth. The results of the field tests show that the volumetric water content measured by the PTDR increases with depth due to the impermeable layer located underneath the active layer. The electrical resistivity survey conducted at the same site provides the electrical resistivity profile for a long distance and shallow depth soils. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity survey and PTDR establish a significant correlation between electrical resistivity and water content. The PTDR developed in this study can be effectively used as an advanced in-situ testing method to estimate the water distribution in the active layer. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Applied Sciences 8 6 935 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
active layer electrical resistivity time domain reflectometry (TDR) water content Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
spellingShingle |
active layer electrical resistivity time domain reflectometry (TDR) water content Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Jong-Sub Lee Won-Taek Hong Keunbo Park Seung Seo Hong Sang-Ho Lee Yong-Hoon Byun Evaluation of Water Content in an Active Layer Using Penetration-Type Time Domain Reflectometry |
topic_facet |
active layer electrical resistivity time domain reflectometry (TDR) water content Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
description |
The moisture condition of the active layer in Arctic regions can induce severe problems, such as ground subsidence and frost heave. Thus, the water content in the active layer needs to be estimated using a light and portable in-situ testing device. In this study, a penetration-type time domain reflectometry (PTDR) device is developed for the estimation of volumetric water content in the active layer. The developed PTDR is applied at a site for an electrical resistivity survey to characterize the water distribution along a measurement line. A PTDR consists of a PTDR module, connecting rods, and a guide with a hammer. The PTDR module can determine the dielectric constant of a material from the measurement of the travel time of electromagnetic waves. Using remolded soil samples, the dielectric constants measured from the PTDR are calibrated with the volumetric water content. The PTDR calibration demonstrates that the dielectric constant increases with the water content. For the temperature of 0.1 to 15.2 °C, the travel time only slightly depends on the temperature variance. For field application, a PTDR is pressed into the ground and measures the electromagnetic waves and temperature with depth. The results of the field tests show that the volumetric water content measured by the PTDR increases with depth due to the impermeable layer located underneath the active layer. The electrical resistivity survey conducted at the same site provides the electrical resistivity profile for a long distance and shallow depth soils. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity survey and PTDR establish a significant correlation between electrical resistivity and water content. The PTDR developed in this study can be effectively used as an advanced in-situ testing method to estimate the water distribution in the active layer. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Jong-Sub Lee Won-Taek Hong Keunbo Park Seung Seo Hong Sang-Ho Lee Yong-Hoon Byun |
author_facet |
Jong-Sub Lee Won-Taek Hong Keunbo Park Seung Seo Hong Sang-Ho Lee Yong-Hoon Byun |
author_sort |
Jong-Sub Lee |
title |
Evaluation of Water Content in an Active Layer Using Penetration-Type Time Domain Reflectometry |
title_short |
Evaluation of Water Content in an Active Layer Using Penetration-Type Time Domain Reflectometry |
title_full |
Evaluation of Water Content in an Active Layer Using Penetration-Type Time Domain Reflectometry |
title_fullStr |
Evaluation of Water Content in an Active Layer Using Penetration-Type Time Domain Reflectometry |
title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluation of Water Content in an Active Layer Using Penetration-Type Time Domain Reflectometry |
title_sort |
evaluation of water content in an active layer using penetration-type time domain reflectometry |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060935 https://doaj.org/article/30f61da709da48ea9793753bfa431e99 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Applied Sciences, Vol 8, Iss 6, p 935 (2018) |
op_relation |
http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/6/935 https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417 2076-3417 doi:10.3390/app8060935 https://doaj.org/article/30f61da709da48ea9793753bfa431e99 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060935 |
container_title |
Applied Sciences |
container_volume |
8 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
935 |
_version_ |
1766346525855711232 |