Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages
Abstract This study reports concentrations of iron (Fe) and organic matter in young Antarctic pack ice and during its initial growth stages in situ. Although the importance of sea ice as an Fe reservoir for oceanic waters of the Southern Ocean has been clearly established, the processes leading to t...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:3001525adf1b4313888ec252ba3e52e1 2023-05-15T13:42:02+02:00 Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages Julie Janssens Klaus M. Meiners Jean-Louis Tison Gerhard Dieckmann Bruno Delille Delphine Lannuzel 2016-08-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000123 https://doaj.org/article/3001525adf1b4313888ec252ba3e52e1 EN eng BioOne http://elementascience.org/article/info:doi/10.12952/journal.elementa.000123 https://doaj.org/toc/2325-1026 2325-1026 doi:10.12952/journal.elementa.000123 https://doaj.org/article/3001525adf1b4313888ec252ba3e52e1 Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2016) Antarctic sea ice iron organic matter Environmental sciences GE1-350 article 2016 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000123 2022-12-31T13:17:48Z Abstract This study reports concentrations of iron (Fe) and organic matter in young Antarctic pack ice and during its initial growth stages in situ. Although the importance of sea ice as an Fe reservoir for oceanic waters of the Southern Ocean has been clearly established, the processes leading to the enrichment of Fe in sea ice have yet to be investigated and quantified. We conducted two in situ sea-ice growth experiments during a winter cruise in the Weddell Sea. Our aim was to improve the understanding of the processes responsible for the accumulation of dissolved Fe (DFe) and particulate Fe (PFe) in sea ice, and of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, extracellular polymeric substances, inorganic macro-nutrients (silicic acid, nitrate and nitrite, phosphate and ammonium), chlorophyll a and bacteria. Enrichment indices, calculated for natural young ice and ice newly formed in situ, indicate that during Antarctic winter all of the measured forms of particulate matter were enriched in sea ice compared to underlying seawater, and that enrichment started from the initial stages of sea-ice formation. Some dissolved material (DFe and ammonium) was also enriched in the ice but at lower enrichment indices than the particulate phase, suggesting that size is a key factor for the incorporation of impurities in sea ice. Low chlorophyll a concentrations and the fit of the macro-nutrients (with the exception of ammonium) with their theoretical dilution lines indicated low biological activity in the ice. From these and additional results we conclude that physical processes are the dominant mechanisms leading to the enrichment of DFe, PFe, organic matter and bacteria in young sea ice, and that PFe and DFe are decoupled during sea-ice formation. Our study thus provides unique quantitative insight into the initial incorporation of impurities, in particular DFe and PFe, into Antarctic sea ice. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Sea ice Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Antarctic Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Weddell Elem Sci Anth 4 0 000123 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Antarctic sea ice iron organic matter Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
spellingShingle |
Antarctic sea ice iron organic matter Environmental sciences GE1-350 Julie Janssens Klaus M. Meiners Jean-Louis Tison Gerhard Dieckmann Bruno Delille Delphine Lannuzel Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages |
topic_facet |
Antarctic sea ice iron organic matter Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
description |
Abstract This study reports concentrations of iron (Fe) and organic matter in young Antarctic pack ice and during its initial growth stages in situ. Although the importance of sea ice as an Fe reservoir for oceanic waters of the Southern Ocean has been clearly established, the processes leading to the enrichment of Fe in sea ice have yet to be investigated and quantified. We conducted two in situ sea-ice growth experiments during a winter cruise in the Weddell Sea. Our aim was to improve the understanding of the processes responsible for the accumulation of dissolved Fe (DFe) and particulate Fe (PFe) in sea ice, and of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, extracellular polymeric substances, inorganic macro-nutrients (silicic acid, nitrate and nitrite, phosphate and ammonium), chlorophyll a and bacteria. Enrichment indices, calculated for natural young ice and ice newly formed in situ, indicate that during Antarctic winter all of the measured forms of particulate matter were enriched in sea ice compared to underlying seawater, and that enrichment started from the initial stages of sea-ice formation. Some dissolved material (DFe and ammonium) was also enriched in the ice but at lower enrichment indices than the particulate phase, suggesting that size is a key factor for the incorporation of impurities in sea ice. Low chlorophyll a concentrations and the fit of the macro-nutrients (with the exception of ammonium) with their theoretical dilution lines indicated low biological activity in the ice. From these and additional results we conclude that physical processes are the dominant mechanisms leading to the enrichment of DFe, PFe, organic matter and bacteria in young sea ice, and that PFe and DFe are decoupled during sea-ice formation. Our study thus provides unique quantitative insight into the initial incorporation of impurities, in particular DFe and PFe, into Antarctic sea ice. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Julie Janssens Klaus M. Meiners Jean-Louis Tison Gerhard Dieckmann Bruno Delille Delphine Lannuzel |
author_facet |
Julie Janssens Klaus M. Meiners Jean-Louis Tison Gerhard Dieckmann Bruno Delille Delphine Lannuzel |
author_sort |
Julie Janssens |
title |
Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages |
title_short |
Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages |
title_full |
Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages |
title_fullStr |
Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages |
title_full_unstemmed |
Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages |
title_sort |
incorporation of iron and organic matter into young antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages |
publisher |
BioOne |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000123 https://doaj.org/article/3001525adf1b4313888ec252ba3e52e1 |
geographic |
Antarctic Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Weddell |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Weddell |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Sea ice Southern Ocean Weddell Sea |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Sea ice Southern Ocean Weddell Sea |
op_source |
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2016) |
op_relation |
http://elementascience.org/article/info:doi/10.12952/journal.elementa.000123 https://doaj.org/toc/2325-1026 2325-1026 doi:10.12952/journal.elementa.000123 https://doaj.org/article/3001525adf1b4313888ec252ba3e52e1 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000123 |
container_title |
Elem Sci Anth |
container_volume |
4 |
container_issue |
0 |
container_start_page |
000123 |
_version_ |
1766161932968001536 |