In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic
To facilitate the construction of a satellite-derived 2 m air temperature ( T 2 m ) product for the snow- and ice-covered regions in the Arctic, observations from weather stations are used to quantify the relationship between the T 2 m and skin temperature ( T skin ). Multiyear data records of simul...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:2f737ea4d1c343819440efc8873ee170 2023-05-15T14:58:02+02:00 In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic P. Nielsen-Englyst J. L. Høyer K. S. Madsen R. Tonboe G. Dybkjær E. Alerskans 2019-03-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1005-2019 https://doaj.org/article/2f737ea4d1c343819440efc8873ee170 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://www.the-cryosphere.net/13/1005/2019/tc-13-1005-2019.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-13-1005-2019 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/2f737ea4d1c343819440efc8873ee170 The Cryosphere, Vol 13, Pp 1005-1024 (2019) Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 article 2019 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1005-2019 2022-12-30T22:12:34Z To facilitate the construction of a satellite-derived 2 m air temperature ( T 2 m ) product for the snow- and ice-covered regions in the Arctic, observations from weather stations are used to quantify the relationship between the T 2 m and skin temperature ( T skin ). Multiyear data records of simultaneous T skin and T 2 m from 29 different in situ sites have been analysed for five regions, covering the lower and upper ablation zone and the accumulation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, and seasonal snow-covered land in northern Alaska. The diurnal and seasonal temperature variabilities and the impacts from clouds and wind on the T 2 m – T skin differences are quantified. T skin is often (85 % of the time, all sites weighted equally) lower than T 2 m , with the largest differences occurring when the temperatures are well below 0 ∘ C or when the surface is melting. Considering all regions, T 2 m is on average 0.65–2.65 ∘ C higher than T skin , with the largest differences for the lower ablation area and smallest differences for the seasonal snow-covered sites. A negative net surface radiation balance generally cools the surface with respect to the atmosphere, resulting in a surface-driven surface air temperature inversion. However, T skin and T 2 m are often highly correlated, and the two temperatures can be almost identical ( <0.5 ∘ C difference), with the smallest T 2 – T skin differences around noon and early afternoon during spring, autumn and summer during non-melting conditions. In general, the inversion strength increases with decreasing wind speeds, but for the sites on the GrIS the maximum inversion occurs at wind speeds of about 5 m s −1 due to the katabatic winds. Clouds tend to reduce the vertical temperature gradient, by warming the surface, resulting in a mean overcast T 2 m – T skin difference ranging from −0.08 to 1.63 ∘ C, with the largest differences for the sites in the low-ablation zone and the smallest differences for the seasonal snow-covered sites. To ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland Ice Sheet Sea ice The Cryosphere Alaska Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland The Cryosphere 13 3 1005 1024 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 P. Nielsen-Englyst J. L. Høyer K. S. Madsen R. Tonboe G. Dybkjær E. Alerskans In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic |
topic_facet |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
To facilitate the construction of a satellite-derived 2 m air temperature ( T 2 m ) product for the snow- and ice-covered regions in the Arctic, observations from weather stations are used to quantify the relationship between the T 2 m and skin temperature ( T skin ). Multiyear data records of simultaneous T skin and T 2 m from 29 different in situ sites have been analysed for five regions, covering the lower and upper ablation zone and the accumulation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, and seasonal snow-covered land in northern Alaska. The diurnal and seasonal temperature variabilities and the impacts from clouds and wind on the T 2 m – T skin differences are quantified. T skin is often (85 % of the time, all sites weighted equally) lower than T 2 m , with the largest differences occurring when the temperatures are well below 0 ∘ C or when the surface is melting. Considering all regions, T 2 m is on average 0.65–2.65 ∘ C higher than T skin , with the largest differences for the lower ablation area and smallest differences for the seasonal snow-covered sites. A negative net surface radiation balance generally cools the surface with respect to the atmosphere, resulting in a surface-driven surface air temperature inversion. However, T skin and T 2 m are often highly correlated, and the two temperatures can be almost identical ( <0.5 ∘ C difference), with the smallest T 2 – T skin differences around noon and early afternoon during spring, autumn and summer during non-melting conditions. In general, the inversion strength increases with decreasing wind speeds, but for the sites on the GrIS the maximum inversion occurs at wind speeds of about 5 m s −1 due to the katabatic winds. Clouds tend to reduce the vertical temperature gradient, by warming the surface, resulting in a mean overcast T 2 m – T skin difference ranging from −0.08 to 1.63 ∘ C, with the largest differences for the sites in the low-ablation zone and the smallest differences for the seasonal snow-covered sites. To ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
P. Nielsen-Englyst J. L. Høyer K. S. Madsen R. Tonboe G. Dybkjær E. Alerskans |
author_facet |
P. Nielsen-Englyst J. L. Høyer K. S. Madsen R. Tonboe G. Dybkjær E. Alerskans |
author_sort |
P. Nielsen-Englyst |
title |
In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic |
title_short |
In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic |
title_full |
In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic |
title_fullStr |
In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic |
title_full_unstemmed |
In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic |
title_sort |
in situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the arctic |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1005-2019 https://doaj.org/article/2f737ea4d1c343819440efc8873ee170 |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland Ice Sheet Sea ice The Cryosphere Alaska |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland Ice Sheet Sea ice The Cryosphere Alaska |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 13, Pp 1005-1024 (2019) |
op_relation |
https://www.the-cryosphere.net/13/1005/2019/tc-13-1005-2019.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-13-1005-2019 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/2f737ea4d1c343819440efc8873ee170 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1005-2019 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
1005 |
op_container_end_page |
1024 |
_version_ |
1766330130146263040 |