Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Katabatic winds in coastal polynyas expose the ocean to extreme heat loss, causing intense sea ice production and dense water formation around Antarctica throughout autumn and winter. The advancing sea ice pack, combined with high winds and low temperatures, has limited surface ocean observations of...
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2020
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:2c26400b04d9418892f50cb623cac52c 2023-05-15T13:46:34+02:00 Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica L. Thompson M. Smith J. Thomson S. Stammerjohn S. Ackley B. Loose 2020-10-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3329-2020 https://doaj.org/article/2c26400b04d9418892f50cb623cac52c EN eng Copernicus Publications https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/14/3329/2020/tc-14-3329-2020.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-14-3329-2020 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/2c26400b04d9418892f50cb623cac52c The Cryosphere, Vol 14, Pp 3329-3347 (2020) Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3329-2020 2022-12-31T14:56:58Z Katabatic winds in coastal polynyas expose the ocean to extreme heat loss, causing intense sea ice production and dense water formation around Antarctica throughout autumn and winter. The advancing sea ice pack, combined with high winds and low temperatures, has limited surface ocean observations of polynyas in winter, thereby impeding new insights into the evolution of these ice factories through the dark austral months. Here, we describe oceanic observations during multiple katabatic wind events during May 2017 in the Terra Nova Bay and Ross Sea polynyas. Wind speeds regularly exceeded 20 m s −1 , air temperatures were below −25 ∘ C, and the oceanic mixed layer extended to 600 m. During these events, conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) profiles revealed bulges of warm, salty water directly beneath the ocean surface and extending downwards tens of meters. These profiles reflect latent heat and salt release during unconsolidated frazil ice production, driven by atmospheric heat loss, a process that has rarely if ever been observed outside the laboratory. A simple salt budget suggests these anomalies reflect in situ frazil ice concentration that ranges from 13 to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">266</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn mathvariant="normal">10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="54pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f625808186b432fb2b94460aefb19756"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-14-3329-2020-ie00001.svg" width="54pt" height="14pt" src="tc-14-3329-2020-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg> kg m −3 . Contemporaneous estimates of vertical mixing reveal rapid convection in these unstable density profiles and mixing lifetimes from 7 ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctica ice pack Ross Sea Sea ice The Cryosphere Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Austral Ross Sea Terra Nova Bay The Cryosphere 14 10 3329 3347 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 L. Thompson M. Smith J. Thomson S. Stammerjohn S. Ackley B. Loose Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica |
topic_facet |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
Katabatic winds in coastal polynyas expose the ocean to extreme heat loss, causing intense sea ice production and dense water formation around Antarctica throughout autumn and winter. The advancing sea ice pack, combined with high winds and low temperatures, has limited surface ocean observations of polynyas in winter, thereby impeding new insights into the evolution of these ice factories through the dark austral months. Here, we describe oceanic observations during multiple katabatic wind events during May 2017 in the Terra Nova Bay and Ross Sea polynyas. Wind speeds regularly exceeded 20 m s −1 , air temperatures were below −25 ∘ C, and the oceanic mixed layer extended to 600 m. During these events, conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) profiles revealed bulges of warm, salty water directly beneath the ocean surface and extending downwards tens of meters. These profiles reflect latent heat and salt release during unconsolidated frazil ice production, driven by atmospheric heat loss, a process that has rarely if ever been observed outside the laboratory. A simple salt budget suggests these anomalies reflect in situ frazil ice concentration that ranges from 13 to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">266</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn mathvariant="normal">10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="54pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f625808186b432fb2b94460aefb19756"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-14-3329-2020-ie00001.svg" width="54pt" height="14pt" src="tc-14-3329-2020-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg> kg m −3 . Contemporaneous estimates of vertical mixing reveal rapid convection in these unstable density profiles and mixing lifetimes from 7 ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
L. Thompson M. Smith J. Thomson S. Stammerjohn S. Ackley B. Loose |
author_facet |
L. Thompson M. Smith J. Thomson S. Stammerjohn S. Ackley B. Loose |
author_sort |
L. Thompson |
title |
Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica |
title_short |
Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica |
title_full |
Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica |
title_fullStr |
Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica |
title_full_unstemmed |
Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica |
title_sort |
frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the ross sea, antarctica |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3329-2020 https://doaj.org/article/2c26400b04d9418892f50cb623cac52c |
geographic |
Austral Ross Sea Terra Nova Bay |
geographic_facet |
Austral Ross Sea Terra Nova Bay |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica ice pack Ross Sea Sea ice The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica ice pack Ross Sea Sea ice The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 14, Pp 3329-3347 (2020) |
op_relation |
https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/14/3329/2020/tc-14-3329-2020.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-14-3329-2020 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/2c26400b04d9418892f50cb623cac52c |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3329-2020 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
14 |
container_issue |
10 |
container_start_page |
3329 |
op_container_end_page |
3347 |
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1766244324237901824 |