Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology.
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an arthropod-born Flavivirus, is the major cause of viral encephalitis, responsible for 10,000-15,000 deaths each year, yet is a neglected tropical disease. Since the JEV distribution area has been large and continuously extending toward new Asian and Australas...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:2afeccbc14d6424d9ad447c51840a2c1 2023-05-15T15:14:53+02:00 Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology. Guillaume Le Flohic Vincent Porphyre Philippe Barbazan Jean-Paul Gonzalez 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208 https://doaj.org/article/2afeccbc14d6424d9ad447c51840a2c1 EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3772072?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208 https://doaj.org/article/2afeccbc14d6424d9ad447c51840a2c1 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 7, Iss 9, p e2208 (2013) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2013 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208 2022-12-31T08:43:52Z The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an arthropod-born Flavivirus, is the major cause of viral encephalitis, responsible for 10,000-15,000 deaths each year, yet is a neglected tropical disease. Since the JEV distribution area has been large and continuously extending toward new Asian and Australasian regions, it is considered an emerging and reemerging pathogen. Despite large effective immunization campaigns, Japanese encephalitis remains a disease of global health concern. JEV zoonotic transmission cycles may be either wild or domestic: the first involves wading birds as wild amplifying hosts; the second involves pigs as the main domestic amplifying hosts. Culex mosquito species, especially Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, are the main competent vectors. Although five JEV genotypes circulate, neither clear-cut genotype-phenotype relationship nor clear variations in genotype fitness to hosts or vectors have been identified. Instead, the molecular epidemiology appears highly dependent on vectors, hosts' biology, and on a set of environmental factors. At global scale, climate, land cover, and land use, otherwise strongly dependent on human activities, affect the abundance of JEV vectors, and of wild and domestic hosts. Chiefly, the increase of rice-cultivated surface, intensively used by wading birds, and of pig production in Asia has provided a high availability of resources to mosquito vectors, enhancing the JEV maintenance, amplification, and transmission. At fine scale, the characteristics (density, size, spatial arrangement) of three landscape elements (paddy fields, pig farms, human habitations) facilitate or impede movement of vectors, then determine how the JEV interacts with hosts and vectors and ultimately the infection risk to humans. If the JEV is introduced in a favorable landscape, either by live infected animals or by vectors, then the virus can emerge and become a major threat for human health. Multidisciplinary research is essential to shed light on the biological mechanisms involved in the emergence, ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Human health Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7 9 e2208 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Guillaume Le Flohic Vincent Porphyre Philippe Barbazan Jean-Paul Gonzalez Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology. |
topic_facet |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an arthropod-born Flavivirus, is the major cause of viral encephalitis, responsible for 10,000-15,000 deaths each year, yet is a neglected tropical disease. Since the JEV distribution area has been large and continuously extending toward new Asian and Australasian regions, it is considered an emerging and reemerging pathogen. Despite large effective immunization campaigns, Japanese encephalitis remains a disease of global health concern. JEV zoonotic transmission cycles may be either wild or domestic: the first involves wading birds as wild amplifying hosts; the second involves pigs as the main domestic amplifying hosts. Culex mosquito species, especially Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, are the main competent vectors. Although five JEV genotypes circulate, neither clear-cut genotype-phenotype relationship nor clear variations in genotype fitness to hosts or vectors have been identified. Instead, the molecular epidemiology appears highly dependent on vectors, hosts' biology, and on a set of environmental factors. At global scale, climate, land cover, and land use, otherwise strongly dependent on human activities, affect the abundance of JEV vectors, and of wild and domestic hosts. Chiefly, the increase of rice-cultivated surface, intensively used by wading birds, and of pig production in Asia has provided a high availability of resources to mosquito vectors, enhancing the JEV maintenance, amplification, and transmission. At fine scale, the characteristics (density, size, spatial arrangement) of three landscape elements (paddy fields, pig farms, human habitations) facilitate or impede movement of vectors, then determine how the JEV interacts with hosts and vectors and ultimately the infection risk to humans. If the JEV is introduced in a favorable landscape, either by live infected animals or by vectors, then the virus can emerge and become a major threat for human health. Multidisciplinary research is essential to shed light on the biological mechanisms involved in the emergence, ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Guillaume Le Flohic Vincent Porphyre Philippe Barbazan Jean-Paul Gonzalez |
author_facet |
Guillaume Le Flohic Vincent Porphyre Philippe Barbazan Jean-Paul Gonzalez |
author_sort |
Guillaume Le Flohic |
title |
Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology. |
title_short |
Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology. |
title_full |
Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology. |
title_fullStr |
Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology. |
title_sort |
review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the japanese encephalitis virus ecology. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208 https://doaj.org/article/2afeccbc14d6424d9ad447c51840a2c1 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Human health |
genre_facet |
Arctic Human health |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 7, Iss 9, p e2208 (2013) |
op_relation |
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3772072?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208 https://doaj.org/article/2afeccbc14d6424d9ad447c51840a2c1 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208 |
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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
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7 |
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9 |
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e2208 |
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