The geoPebble System: Design and Implementation of a Wireless Sensor Network of GPS-Enabled Seismic Sensors for the Study of Glaciers and Ice Sheets

• Published in: Geosciences
• Main Authors: Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Sven G. Bilén, Julio V. Urbina, Randall G. Bock, Peter G. Burkett, Joseph P. Portelli
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021
• Subjects: glaciology; wireless sensor network; seismic measurements; Antarctica; Greenland; ice sheet; Geology; QE1-996.5; Antarc*; Ice Sheet
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010017; https://doaj.org/article/2aa795f39918424b9a3d3f256ea6d2fe

The geoPebble system is a network of wirelessly interconnected seismic and GPS sensor nodes with geophysical sensing capabilities for the study of ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, as well as mountain glaciers. We describe our design methodology, which has enabled us to develop these state-of-the art units using commercial-off-the-shelf hardware combined with custom-designed hardware and software. Each geoPebble node is a self-contained, wirelessly connected sensor for collecting seismic activity and position information. Each node is built around a three-component seismic recorder, which includes an amplifier, filter, and 24-bit analog-to-digital converter that can sample incoming seismic signals up to 10 kHz. The timing for each node is available from GPS measurements and a local precision oscillator that is conditioned by the GPS timing pulses. In addition, we record the carrier-phase measurement of the L1 GPS signal in order to determine location at sub-decimeter accuracy (relative to other geoPebble nodes within a radius of a few kilometers). Each geoPebble includes 32 GB of solid-state storage, wireless communications capability to a central supervisory unit, and auxiliary measurements capability (including tilt from accelerometers, absolute orientation from magnetometers, and temperature). The geoPebble system has been successfully validated in the field in Antarctica and Greenland.