Radiosonde-Observed Vertical Profiles and Increasing Trends of Temperature and Humidity during 2005–2018 at the South Pole
The vertical profiles and trends of temperature and humidity at the South Pole up to 10 km above mean sea level (amsl) were investigated by using radiosonde data collected from March 2005 to February 2018. During an average year between 2005 and 2018, the highest (lowest) temperature in the lower tr...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:28bedb260528408ea08c1d093ecd12eb 2023-05-15T18:22:07+02:00 Radiosonde-Observed Vertical Profiles and Increasing Trends of Temperature and Humidity during 2005–2018 at the South Pole Min Xu Yubin Li Qinghua Yang Andrew E. Gao Bo Han Yuanjian Yang Lejiang Yu Linlin Wang 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070365 https://doaj.org/article/28bedb260528408ea08c1d093ecd12eb EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/7/365 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 2073-4433 doi:10.3390/atmos10070365 https://doaj.org/article/28bedb260528408ea08c1d093ecd12eb Atmosphere, Vol 10, Iss 7, p 365 (2019) the South Pole temperature humidity vertical profile trend Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 article 2019 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070365 2022-12-31T10:40:21Z The vertical profiles and trends of temperature and humidity at the South Pole up to 10 km above mean sea level (amsl) were investigated by using radiosonde data collected from March 2005 to February 2018. During an average year between 2005 and 2018, the highest (lowest) temperature in the lower troposphere was approximately −25 °C (−60 °C) in December (July) at a height of about 500 m above the surface (at the surface). A temperature inversion layer above the surface was found during the whole year but was weaker during the summer, while the inversion layers at the tropopause (about 8 km amsl) mostly disappeared during spring and winter. General warming trends were found at all heights and months, but in a few heights and months cooling trends still occurred (e.g., in September below 7 km amsl). Nevertheless, seasonal and yearly averaged temperatures all presented warming trends: 1.1, 1.3, 0.6, 1.5 and 1.1 °C/decade at the surface, and 0.7, 1.0, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.6 °C/decade for the layer average from the surface to 10 km amsl, for spring, summer, autumn, winter, and yearly average, respectively. Most of the water vapor was confined in the lowermost 3 km of the atmosphere with a maximum of 0.35 g kg −1 in December at a 200 m height above surface, and the specific humidity had the similar characteristic of annual cycle and inversion layers as the temperature. At heights below 5 km amsl, increasing trends of specific humidity larger than 0.02 g kg −1 /decade occurred during summer months, including the late spring and early autumn, and the annual mean showed an increasing trend of about 0.01−0.02 g kg −1 /decade. Meanwhile, above 5 km amsl, the trends became small and generally less than 0.02 g kg −1 /decade in all the months, and beyond 7 km amsl the specific humidity remained almost invariant due to its small moisture content as compared with lower levels. From the surface to 10 km amsl, the specific humidity averaged trends of 0.0062, 0.019, 0.0013, 0.002 and 0.007 g kg −1 /decade for spring, summer, autumn, ... Article in Journal/Newspaper South pole Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles South Pole Atmosphere 10 7 365 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
the South Pole temperature humidity vertical profile trend Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 |
spellingShingle |
the South Pole temperature humidity vertical profile trend Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Min Xu Yubin Li Qinghua Yang Andrew E. Gao Bo Han Yuanjian Yang Lejiang Yu Linlin Wang Radiosonde-Observed Vertical Profiles and Increasing Trends of Temperature and Humidity during 2005–2018 at the South Pole |
topic_facet |
the South Pole temperature humidity vertical profile trend Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 |
description |
The vertical profiles and trends of temperature and humidity at the South Pole up to 10 km above mean sea level (amsl) were investigated by using radiosonde data collected from March 2005 to February 2018. During an average year between 2005 and 2018, the highest (lowest) temperature in the lower troposphere was approximately −25 °C (−60 °C) in December (July) at a height of about 500 m above the surface (at the surface). A temperature inversion layer above the surface was found during the whole year but was weaker during the summer, while the inversion layers at the tropopause (about 8 km amsl) mostly disappeared during spring and winter. General warming trends were found at all heights and months, but in a few heights and months cooling trends still occurred (e.g., in September below 7 km amsl). Nevertheless, seasonal and yearly averaged temperatures all presented warming trends: 1.1, 1.3, 0.6, 1.5 and 1.1 °C/decade at the surface, and 0.7, 1.0, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.6 °C/decade for the layer average from the surface to 10 km amsl, for spring, summer, autumn, winter, and yearly average, respectively. Most of the water vapor was confined in the lowermost 3 km of the atmosphere with a maximum of 0.35 g kg −1 in December at a 200 m height above surface, and the specific humidity had the similar characteristic of annual cycle and inversion layers as the temperature. At heights below 5 km amsl, increasing trends of specific humidity larger than 0.02 g kg −1 /decade occurred during summer months, including the late spring and early autumn, and the annual mean showed an increasing trend of about 0.01−0.02 g kg −1 /decade. Meanwhile, above 5 km amsl, the trends became small and generally less than 0.02 g kg −1 /decade in all the months, and beyond 7 km amsl the specific humidity remained almost invariant due to its small moisture content as compared with lower levels. From the surface to 10 km amsl, the specific humidity averaged trends of 0.0062, 0.019, 0.0013, 0.002 and 0.007 g kg −1 /decade for spring, summer, autumn, ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Min Xu Yubin Li Qinghua Yang Andrew E. Gao Bo Han Yuanjian Yang Lejiang Yu Linlin Wang |
author_facet |
Min Xu Yubin Li Qinghua Yang Andrew E. Gao Bo Han Yuanjian Yang Lejiang Yu Linlin Wang |
author_sort |
Min Xu |
title |
Radiosonde-Observed Vertical Profiles and Increasing Trends of Temperature and Humidity during 2005–2018 at the South Pole |
title_short |
Radiosonde-Observed Vertical Profiles and Increasing Trends of Temperature and Humidity during 2005–2018 at the South Pole |
title_full |
Radiosonde-Observed Vertical Profiles and Increasing Trends of Temperature and Humidity during 2005–2018 at the South Pole |
title_fullStr |
Radiosonde-Observed Vertical Profiles and Increasing Trends of Temperature and Humidity during 2005–2018 at the South Pole |
title_full_unstemmed |
Radiosonde-Observed Vertical Profiles and Increasing Trends of Temperature and Humidity during 2005–2018 at the South Pole |
title_sort |
radiosonde-observed vertical profiles and increasing trends of temperature and humidity during 2005–2018 at the south pole |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070365 https://doaj.org/article/28bedb260528408ea08c1d093ecd12eb |
geographic |
South Pole |
geographic_facet |
South Pole |
genre |
South pole |
genre_facet |
South pole |
op_source |
Atmosphere, Vol 10, Iss 7, p 365 (2019) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/7/365 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 2073-4433 doi:10.3390/atmos10070365 https://doaj.org/article/28bedb260528408ea08c1d093ecd12eb |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070365 |
container_title |
Atmosphere |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
7 |
container_start_page |
365 |
_version_ |
1766201484773425152 |