Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics
Evaporation from open water is among the most rigorously studied problems in hydrology. Robert E. Horton, unbeknownst to most investigators on the subject, studied it in great detail by conducting experiments and heuristically relating his observations to physical laws. His work furthered known theo...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:278e0b31599b4cf6b11d7848930ed84a 2023-05-15T18:28:37+02:00 Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics S. Vimal V. P. Singh 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-445-2022 https://doaj.org/article/278e0b31599b4cf6b11d7848930ed84a EN eng Copernicus Publications https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/445/2022/hess-26-445-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1027-5606 https://doaj.org/toc/1607-7938 doi:10.5194/hess-26-445-2022 1027-5606 1607-7938 https://doaj.org/article/278e0b31599b4cf6b11d7848930ed84a Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol 26, Pp 445-467 (2022) Technology T Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Environmental sciences GE1-350 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-445-2022 2022-12-31T07:39:25Z Evaporation from open water is among the most rigorously studied problems in hydrology. Robert E. Horton, unbeknownst to most investigators on the subject, studied it in great detail by conducting experiments and heuristically relating his observations to physical laws. His work furthered known theories of lake evaporation, but it appears that it was dismissed as simply empirical. This is unfortunate because Horton's century-old insights on the topic, which we summarize here, seem relevant for contemporary climate-change-era problems. In rediscovering his overlooked lake evaporation works, in this paper we (1) examine several of his publications in the period 1915–1944 and identify his theory sources for evaporation physics among scientists of the late 1800s, (2) illustrate his lake evaporation formulae, which require several equations, tables, thresholds, and conditions based on physical factors and assumptions, and (3) assess his evaporation results over the continental U.S. and analyze the performance of his formula in a subarctic Canadian catchment by comparing it with five other calibrated (aerodynamic and mass transfer) evaporation formulae of varying complexity. We find that Horton's method, due to its unique variable vapor pressure deficit (VVPD) term, outperforms all other methods by ∼3 %–15 % of R 2 consistently across timescales (days to months) and at an order of magnitude higher at subdaily scales (we assessed up to 30 min). Surprisingly, when his method uses input vapor pressure disaggregated from reanalysis data, it still outperforms other methods which use local measurements. This indicates that the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) term currently used in all other evaporation methods is not as good an independent control for lake evaporation as Horton's VVPD. Therefore, Horton's evaporation formula is held to be a major improvement in lake evaporation theory which, in part, may (A) supplant or improve existing evaporation formulae, including the aerodynamic part of the combination (Penman) method, ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Subarctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26 2 445 467 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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English |
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Technology T Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
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Technology T Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Environmental sciences GE1-350 S. Vimal V. P. Singh Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics |
topic_facet |
Technology T Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
description |
Evaporation from open water is among the most rigorously studied problems in hydrology. Robert E. Horton, unbeknownst to most investigators on the subject, studied it in great detail by conducting experiments and heuristically relating his observations to physical laws. His work furthered known theories of lake evaporation, but it appears that it was dismissed as simply empirical. This is unfortunate because Horton's century-old insights on the topic, which we summarize here, seem relevant for contemporary climate-change-era problems. In rediscovering his overlooked lake evaporation works, in this paper we (1) examine several of his publications in the period 1915–1944 and identify his theory sources for evaporation physics among scientists of the late 1800s, (2) illustrate his lake evaporation formulae, which require several equations, tables, thresholds, and conditions based on physical factors and assumptions, and (3) assess his evaporation results over the continental U.S. and analyze the performance of his formula in a subarctic Canadian catchment by comparing it with five other calibrated (aerodynamic and mass transfer) evaporation formulae of varying complexity. We find that Horton's method, due to its unique variable vapor pressure deficit (VVPD) term, outperforms all other methods by ∼3 %–15 % of R 2 consistently across timescales (days to months) and at an order of magnitude higher at subdaily scales (we assessed up to 30 min). Surprisingly, when his method uses input vapor pressure disaggregated from reanalysis data, it still outperforms other methods which use local measurements. This indicates that the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) term currently used in all other evaporation methods is not as good an independent control for lake evaporation as Horton's VVPD. Therefore, Horton's evaporation formula is held to be a major improvement in lake evaporation theory which, in part, may (A) supplant or improve existing evaporation formulae, including the aerodynamic part of the combination (Penman) method, ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
S. Vimal V. P. Singh |
author_facet |
S. Vimal V. P. Singh |
author_sort |
S. Vimal |
title |
Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics |
title_short |
Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics |
title_full |
Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics |
title_fullStr |
Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics |
title_full_unstemmed |
Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics |
title_sort |
rediscovering robert e. horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-445-2022 https://doaj.org/article/278e0b31599b4cf6b11d7848930ed84a |
genre |
Subarctic |
genre_facet |
Subarctic |
op_source |
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol 26, Pp 445-467 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/445/2022/hess-26-445-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1027-5606 https://doaj.org/toc/1607-7938 doi:10.5194/hess-26-445-2022 1027-5606 1607-7938 https://doaj.org/article/278e0b31599b4cf6b11d7848930ed84a |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-445-2022 |
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Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
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26 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
445 |
op_container_end_page |
467 |
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