Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions
This paper aims to present and assess the quality of seven years (2011⁻2017) of 25 km nine-day Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) objectively analyzed maps in the Arctic and sub-Arctic oceans ( <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111772 https://doaj.org/article/26a6e3f51d1846e6a5337d502378d35e |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:26a6e3f51d1846e6a5337d502378d35e 2023-05-15T14:41:20+02:00 Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions Estrella Olmedo Carolina Gabarró Verónica González-Gambau Justino Martínez Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy Antonio Turiel Marcos Portabella Severine Fournier Tong Lee 2018-11-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111772 https://doaj.org/article/26a6e3f51d1846e6a5337d502378d35e EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1772 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 2072-4292 doi:10.3390/rs10111772 https://doaj.org/article/26a6e3f51d1846e6a5337d502378d35e Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 1772 (2018) sea surface salinity remote sensing Arctic ocean SMOS Arctic rivers data processing quality assessment Science Q article 2018 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111772 2022-12-31T00:44:06Z This paper aims to present and assess the quality of seven years (2011⁻2017) of 25 km nine-day Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) objectively analyzed maps in the Arctic and sub-Arctic oceans ( <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>50</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> N⁻ <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>90</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> N). The SMOS SSS maps presented in this work are an improved version of the preliminary three-year dataset generated and freely distributed by the Barcelona Expert Center. In this new version, a time-dependent bias correction has been applied to mitigate the seasonal bias that affected the previous SSS maps. An extensive database of in situ data (Argo floats and thermosalinograph measurements) has been used for assessing the accuracy of this product. The standard deviation of the difference between the new SMOS SSS maps and Argo SSS ranges from 0.25 and 0.35. The major features of the inter-annual SSS variations observed by the thermosalinographs are also captured by the SMOS SSS maps. However, the validation in some regions of the Arctic Ocean has not been feasible because of the lack of in situ data. In those regions, qualitative comparisons with SSS provided by models and the remotely sensed SSS provided by Aquarius and SMAP have been performed. Despite the differences between SMOS and SMAP, both datasets show consistent SSS variations with respect to the model and the river discharge in situ data, but present a larger dynamic range than that of the model. This result suggests that, in those regions, the use of the remotely sensed SSS may help to improve the models. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Ocean Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Arctic Ocean Remote Sensing 10 11 1772 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
sea surface salinity remote sensing Arctic ocean SMOS Arctic rivers data processing quality assessment Science Q |
spellingShingle |
sea surface salinity remote sensing Arctic ocean SMOS Arctic rivers data processing quality assessment Science Q Estrella Olmedo Carolina Gabarró Verónica González-Gambau Justino Martínez Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy Antonio Turiel Marcos Portabella Severine Fournier Tong Lee Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
topic_facet |
sea surface salinity remote sensing Arctic ocean SMOS Arctic rivers data processing quality assessment Science Q |
description |
This paper aims to present and assess the quality of seven years (2011⁻2017) of 25 km nine-day Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) objectively analyzed maps in the Arctic and sub-Arctic oceans ( <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>50</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> N⁻ <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msup> <mn>90</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics> </math> N). The SMOS SSS maps presented in this work are an improved version of the preliminary three-year dataset generated and freely distributed by the Barcelona Expert Center. In this new version, a time-dependent bias correction has been applied to mitigate the seasonal bias that affected the previous SSS maps. An extensive database of in situ data (Argo floats and thermosalinograph measurements) has been used for assessing the accuracy of this product. The standard deviation of the difference between the new SMOS SSS maps and Argo SSS ranges from 0.25 and 0.35. The major features of the inter-annual SSS variations observed by the thermosalinographs are also captured by the SMOS SSS maps. However, the validation in some regions of the Arctic Ocean has not been feasible because of the lack of in situ data. In those regions, qualitative comparisons with SSS provided by models and the remotely sensed SSS provided by Aquarius and SMAP have been performed. Despite the differences between SMOS and SMAP, both datasets show consistent SSS variations with respect to the model and the river discharge in situ data, but present a larger dynamic range than that of the model. This result suggests that, in those regions, the use of the remotely sensed SSS may help to improve the models. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Estrella Olmedo Carolina Gabarró Verónica González-Gambau Justino Martínez Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy Antonio Turiel Marcos Portabella Severine Fournier Tong Lee |
author_facet |
Estrella Olmedo Carolina Gabarró Verónica González-Gambau Justino Martínez Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy Antonio Turiel Marcos Portabella Severine Fournier Tong Lee |
author_sort |
Estrella Olmedo |
title |
Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
title_short |
Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
title_full |
Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
title_fullStr |
Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions |
title_sort |
seven years of smos sea surface salinity at high latitudes: variability in arctic and sub-arctic regions |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111772 https://doaj.org/article/26a6e3f51d1846e6a5337d502378d35e |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
op_source |
Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 1772 (2018) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1772 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 2072-4292 doi:10.3390/rs10111772 https://doaj.org/article/26a6e3f51d1846e6a5337d502378d35e |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111772 |
container_title |
Remote Sensing |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
11 |
container_start_page |
1772 |
_version_ |
1766313127539900416 |