Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica)
Abstract Background In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affec...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:263f5f1b7fc346699f0adfdd5c90915a 2023-05-15T15:51:13+02:00 Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) Jaime L. Rudd Deana L. Clifford Brian L. Cypher Joshua M. Hull A. Jane Riner Janet E. Foley 2020-09-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3 https://doaj.org/article/263f5f1b7fc346699f0adfdd5c90915a EN eng BMC http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3 https://doaj.org/toc/1756-3305 doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3 1756-3305 https://doaj.org/article/263f5f1b7fc346699f0adfdd5c90915a Parasites & Vectors, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2020) Bakersfield California Management Host specificity Microsatellites Mites Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3 2022-12-31T10:35:28Z Abstract Background In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species. Methods We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities. Results We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall FST of 0.467. The lowest FST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, FST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (FST = 0.843). Conclusions These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. Although a spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily kit fox-to-kit fox. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city. Article in Journal/Newspaper Canis lupus Mite Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Parasites & Vectors 13 1 |
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Bakersfield California Management Host specificity Microsatellites Mites Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 |
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Bakersfield California Management Host specificity Microsatellites Mites Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 Jaime L. Rudd Deana L. Clifford Brian L. Cypher Joshua M. Hull A. Jane Riner Janet E. Foley Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) |
topic_facet |
Bakersfield California Management Host specificity Microsatellites Mites Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 |
description |
Abstract Background In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species. Methods We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities. Results We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall FST of 0.467. The lowest FST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, FST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (FST = 0.843). Conclusions These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. Although a spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily kit fox-to-kit fox. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Jaime L. Rudd Deana L. Clifford Brian L. Cypher Joshua M. Hull A. Jane Riner Janet E. Foley |
author_facet |
Jaime L. Rudd Deana L. Clifford Brian L. Cypher Joshua M. Hull A. Jane Riner Janet E. Foley |
author_sort |
Jaime L. Rudd |
title |
Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) |
title_short |
Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) |
title_full |
Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) |
title_fullStr |
Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) |
title_sort |
molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered san joaquin kit foxes (vulpes macrotis mutica) |
publisher |
BMC |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3 https://doaj.org/article/263f5f1b7fc346699f0adfdd5c90915a |
genre |
Canis lupus Mite |
genre_facet |
Canis lupus Mite |
op_source |
Parasites & Vectors, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2020) |
op_relation |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3 https://doaj.org/toc/1756-3305 doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3 1756-3305 https://doaj.org/article/263f5f1b7fc346699f0adfdd5c90915a |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3 |
container_title |
Parasites & Vectors |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
1 |
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1766386297137528832 |