Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales
Combining calibrated hydrophone measurements with vessel location data from the Automatic Identification System, we estimate underwater sound pressure levels for 1,582 unique ships that transited the core critical habitat of the endangered Southern Resident killer whales during 28 months between Mar...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:250e6b680ba14f19bc7924e17dfe520e 2024-01-07T09:44:37+01:00 Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales Scott Veirs Val Veirs Jason D. Wood 2016-02-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1657 https://doaj.org/article/250e6b680ba14f19bc7924e17dfe520e EN eng PeerJ Inc. https://peerj.com/articles/1657.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/1657/ https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359 doi:10.7717/peerj.1657 2167-8359 https://doaj.org/article/250e6b680ba14f19bc7924e17dfe520e PeerJ, Vol 4, p e1657 (2016) Noise Hydrophone Killer whale Orca Odontocete Marine mammal Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 article 2016 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1657 2023-12-10T01:50:57Z Combining calibrated hydrophone measurements with vessel location data from the Automatic Identification System, we estimate underwater sound pressure levels for 1,582 unique ships that transited the core critical habitat of the endangered Southern Resident killer whales during 28 months between March, 2011, and October, 2013. Median received spectrum levels of noise from 2,809 isolated transits are elevated relative to median background levels not only at low frequencies (20–30 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz from 100 to 1,000 Hz), but also at high frequencies (5–13 dB from 10,000 to 96,000 Hz). Thus, noise received from ships at ranges less than 3 km extends to frequencies used by odontocetes. Broadband received levels (11.5–40,000 Hz) near the shoreline in Haro Strait (WA, USA) for the entire ship population were 110 ± 7 dB re 1 µPa on average. Assuming near-spherical spreading based on a transmission loss experiment we compute mean broadband source levels for the ship population of 173 ± 7 dB re 1 µPa 1 m without accounting for frequency-dependent absorption. Mean ship speed was 7.3 ± 2.0 m/s (14.1 ± 3.9 knots). Most ship classes show a linear relationship between source level and speed with a slope near +2 dB per m/s (+1 dB/knot). Spectrum, 1/12-octave, and 1/3-octave source levels for the whole population have median values that are comparable to previous measurements and models at most frequencies, but for select studies may be relatively low below 200 Hz and high above 20,000 Hz. Median source spectrum levels peak near 50 Hz for all 12 ship classes, have a maximum of 159 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz @ 1 m for container ships, and vary between classes. Below 200 Hz, the class-specific median spectrum levels bifurcate with large commercial ships grouping as higher power noise sources. Within all ship classes spectrum levels vary more at low frequencies than at high frequencies, and the degree of variability is almost halved for classes that have smaller speed standard deviations. This is the first study to present source spectra for ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Killer Whale Orca Killer whale Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Haro ENVELOPE(-59.783,-59.783,-62.533,-62.533) PeerJ 4 e1657 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Noise Hydrophone Killer whale Orca Odontocete Marine mammal Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 |
spellingShingle |
Noise Hydrophone Killer whale Orca Odontocete Marine mammal Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Scott Veirs Val Veirs Jason D. Wood Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales |
topic_facet |
Noise Hydrophone Killer whale Orca Odontocete Marine mammal Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 |
description |
Combining calibrated hydrophone measurements with vessel location data from the Automatic Identification System, we estimate underwater sound pressure levels for 1,582 unique ships that transited the core critical habitat of the endangered Southern Resident killer whales during 28 months between March, 2011, and October, 2013. Median received spectrum levels of noise from 2,809 isolated transits are elevated relative to median background levels not only at low frequencies (20–30 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz from 100 to 1,000 Hz), but also at high frequencies (5–13 dB from 10,000 to 96,000 Hz). Thus, noise received from ships at ranges less than 3 km extends to frequencies used by odontocetes. Broadband received levels (11.5–40,000 Hz) near the shoreline in Haro Strait (WA, USA) for the entire ship population were 110 ± 7 dB re 1 µPa on average. Assuming near-spherical spreading based on a transmission loss experiment we compute mean broadband source levels for the ship population of 173 ± 7 dB re 1 µPa 1 m without accounting for frequency-dependent absorption. Mean ship speed was 7.3 ± 2.0 m/s (14.1 ± 3.9 knots). Most ship classes show a linear relationship between source level and speed with a slope near +2 dB per m/s (+1 dB/knot). Spectrum, 1/12-octave, and 1/3-octave source levels for the whole population have median values that are comparable to previous measurements and models at most frequencies, but for select studies may be relatively low below 200 Hz and high above 20,000 Hz. Median source spectrum levels peak near 50 Hz for all 12 ship classes, have a maximum of 159 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz @ 1 m for container ships, and vary between classes. Below 200 Hz, the class-specific median spectrum levels bifurcate with large commercial ships grouping as higher power noise sources. Within all ship classes spectrum levels vary more at low frequencies than at high frequencies, and the degree of variability is almost halved for classes that have smaller speed standard deviations. This is the first study to present source spectra for ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Scott Veirs Val Veirs Jason D. Wood |
author_facet |
Scott Veirs Val Veirs Jason D. Wood |
author_sort |
Scott Veirs |
title |
Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales |
title_short |
Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales |
title_full |
Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales |
title_fullStr |
Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales |
title_sort |
ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales |
publisher |
PeerJ Inc. |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1657 https://doaj.org/article/250e6b680ba14f19bc7924e17dfe520e |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-59.783,-59.783,-62.533,-62.533) |
geographic |
Haro |
geographic_facet |
Haro |
genre |
Killer Whale Orca Killer whale |
genre_facet |
Killer Whale Orca Killer whale |
op_source |
PeerJ, Vol 4, p e1657 (2016) |
op_relation |
https://peerj.com/articles/1657.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/1657/ https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359 doi:10.7717/peerj.1657 2167-8359 https://doaj.org/article/250e6b680ba14f19bc7924e17dfe520e |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1657 |
container_title |
PeerJ |
container_volume |
4 |
container_start_page |
e1657 |
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1787426028223725568 |