Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017–2021
Data on the use of antimicrobials in humans and livestock may provide evidence to guide policy changes to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, there is limited information available about antimicrobial use in livestock in low- and middle-income countries, even though these n...
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MDPI AG
2023
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020411 https://doaj.org/article/1c708f4c6a864e8f8abc22b3927c5f4b |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:1c708f4c6a864e8f8abc22b3927c5f4b 2023-05-15T16:51:00+02:00 Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017–2021 Ratna B. Gurung Karma P. Zangmo James R. Gilkerson Glenn F. Browning Angeline S. Ferdinand Mauricio J. C. Coppo 2023-02-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020411 https://doaj.org/article/1c708f4c6a864e8f8abc22b3927c5f4b EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/2/411 https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6382 doi:10.3390/antibiotics12020411 2079-6382 https://doaj.org/article/1c708f4c6a864e8f8abc22b3927c5f4b Antibiotics, Vol 12, Iss 411, p 411 (2023) antimicrobial consumption livestock population correction unit South Asia antimicrobial stewardship pcu Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020411 2023-02-26T01:31:34Z Data on the use of antimicrobials in humans and livestock may provide evidence to guide policy changes to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, there is limited information available about antimicrobial use in livestock in low- and middle-income countries, even though these nations are most vulnerable to the impact of AMR. This study aimed to assess the consumption of veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan and identify areas for improvement to reduce the use of antimicrobials in livestock. National data on livestock numbers and annual procurement of veterinary antimicrobials over five years (2017–2021) were used to calculate rates of antimicrobial consumption and annual national expenditure on veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan. The rate of antimicrobial consumption in Bhutan was 3.83 mg per population correction unit, which is lower than most countries in Europe, comparable with the rates of consumption in Iceland and Norway, and approximately 120-fold lower than published rates of antimicrobial consumption in South Asian countries, including Nepal and Pakistan. The low rates of antimicrobial consumption by the animal health sector in Bhutan could be attributable to stronger governance of antimicrobial use in Bhutan, higher levels of compliance with regulation, and better adherence to standard guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of livestock. Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Norway Antibiotics 12 2 411 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
antimicrobial consumption livestock population correction unit South Asia antimicrobial stewardship pcu Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 |
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antimicrobial consumption livestock population correction unit South Asia antimicrobial stewardship pcu Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Ratna B. Gurung Karma P. Zangmo James R. Gilkerson Glenn F. Browning Angeline S. Ferdinand Mauricio J. C. Coppo Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017–2021 |
topic_facet |
antimicrobial consumption livestock population correction unit South Asia antimicrobial stewardship pcu Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 |
description |
Data on the use of antimicrobials in humans and livestock may provide evidence to guide policy changes to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, there is limited information available about antimicrobial use in livestock in low- and middle-income countries, even though these nations are most vulnerable to the impact of AMR. This study aimed to assess the consumption of veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan and identify areas for improvement to reduce the use of antimicrobials in livestock. National data on livestock numbers and annual procurement of veterinary antimicrobials over five years (2017–2021) were used to calculate rates of antimicrobial consumption and annual national expenditure on veterinary antimicrobials in Bhutan. The rate of antimicrobial consumption in Bhutan was 3.83 mg per population correction unit, which is lower than most countries in Europe, comparable with the rates of consumption in Iceland and Norway, and approximately 120-fold lower than published rates of antimicrobial consumption in South Asian countries, including Nepal and Pakistan. The low rates of antimicrobial consumption by the animal health sector in Bhutan could be attributable to stronger governance of antimicrobial use in Bhutan, higher levels of compliance with regulation, and better adherence to standard guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of livestock. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Ratna B. Gurung Karma P. Zangmo James R. Gilkerson Glenn F. Browning Angeline S. Ferdinand Mauricio J. C. Coppo |
author_facet |
Ratna B. Gurung Karma P. Zangmo James R. Gilkerson Glenn F. Browning Angeline S. Ferdinand Mauricio J. C. Coppo |
author_sort |
Ratna B. Gurung |
title |
Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017–2021 |
title_short |
Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017–2021 |
title_full |
Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017–2021 |
title_fullStr |
Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017–2021 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Antimicrobial Consumption in the Livestock Sector in Bhutan: Volumes, Values, Rates, and Trends for the Period 2017–2021 |
title_sort |
antimicrobial consumption in the livestock sector in bhutan: volumes, values, rates, and trends for the period 2017–2021 |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020411 https://doaj.org/article/1c708f4c6a864e8f8abc22b3927c5f4b |
geographic |
Norway |
geographic_facet |
Norway |
genre |
Iceland |
genre_facet |
Iceland |
op_source |
Antibiotics, Vol 12, Iss 411, p 411 (2023) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/2/411 https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6382 doi:10.3390/antibiotics12020411 2079-6382 https://doaj.org/article/1c708f4c6a864e8f8abc22b3927c5f4b |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020411 |
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Antibiotics |
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12 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
411 |
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1766041114362511360 |