Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS
Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is an often-fatal poisoning of livestock that consume annual ryegrass infected by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus . This bacterium is carried into the ryegrass by a nematode, Anguina funesta , and produces toxins within seed galls that develop during the flowering...
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2023
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:1a2eaf375b02411ea4c99a9a30fb91e3 2023-05-15T15:52:57+02:00 Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS Pushpendra Koli Manjree Agarwal David Kessell Shalini Mahawar Xin Du Yonglin Ren Simon J. McKirdy 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020828 https://doaj.org/article/1a2eaf375b02411ea4c99a9a30fb91e3 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/2/828 https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 doi:10.3390/molecules28020828 1420-3049 https://doaj.org/article/1a2eaf375b02411ea4c99a9a30fb91e3 Molecules, Vol 28, Iss 828, p 828 (2023) annual ryegrass ARGT bacteria DI-SPME galls GC-MS Organic chemistry QD241-441 article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020828 2023-01-22T01:26:43Z Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is an often-fatal poisoning of livestock that consume annual ryegrass infected by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus . This bacterium is carried into the ryegrass by a nematode, Anguina funesta , and produces toxins within seed galls that develop during the flowering to seed maturity stages of the plant. The actual mechanism of biochemical transformation of healthy seeds to nematode and bacterial gall-infected seeds remains unclear and no clear-cut information is available on what type of volatile organic compounds accumulate in the respective galls. Therefore, to fill this research gap, the present study was designed to analyze the chemical differences among nematode galls ( A. funesta ), bacterial galls ( R. toxicus ) and healthy seeds of annual ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum ) by using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was optimized and validated by testing its linearity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Fifty-seven compounds were identified from all three sources (nematode galls, bacterial galls and healthy seed), and 48 compounds were found to be present at significantly different ( p < 0.05) levels in the three groups. Five volatile organic compounds (hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester), (carbonic acid, but-2-yn-1-yl eicosyl ester), (fumaric acid, 2-ethylhexyl tridec-2-yn-1-yl ester), (oct-3-enoylamide, N-methyl-N-undecyl) and hexacosanoic acid are the most frequent indicators of R. toxicus bacterial infection in ryegrass, whereas the presence of 15-methylnonacosane, 13-methylheptacosane, ethyl hexacosyl ether, heptacosyl acetate and heptacosyl trifluoroacetate indicates A. funesta nematode infestation. Metabolites occurring in both bacterial and nematode galls included batilol (stearyl monoglyceride) and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, tetradecyl ester. Among the chemical functional group, esters, fatty acids, and alcohols together contributed more than 70% in healthy seed, whereas ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Carbonic acid Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Molecules 28 2 828 |
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annual ryegrass ARGT bacteria DI-SPME galls GC-MS Organic chemistry QD241-441 |
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annual ryegrass ARGT bacteria DI-SPME galls GC-MS Organic chemistry QD241-441 Pushpendra Koli Manjree Agarwal David Kessell Shalini Mahawar Xin Du Yonglin Ren Simon J. McKirdy Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS |
topic_facet |
annual ryegrass ARGT bacteria DI-SPME galls GC-MS Organic chemistry QD241-441 |
description |
Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is an often-fatal poisoning of livestock that consume annual ryegrass infected by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus . This bacterium is carried into the ryegrass by a nematode, Anguina funesta , and produces toxins within seed galls that develop during the flowering to seed maturity stages of the plant. The actual mechanism of biochemical transformation of healthy seeds to nematode and bacterial gall-infected seeds remains unclear and no clear-cut information is available on what type of volatile organic compounds accumulate in the respective galls. Therefore, to fill this research gap, the present study was designed to analyze the chemical differences among nematode galls ( A. funesta ), bacterial galls ( R. toxicus ) and healthy seeds of annual ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum ) by using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was optimized and validated by testing its linearity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Fifty-seven compounds were identified from all three sources (nematode galls, bacterial galls and healthy seed), and 48 compounds were found to be present at significantly different ( p < 0.05) levels in the three groups. Five volatile organic compounds (hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester), (carbonic acid, but-2-yn-1-yl eicosyl ester), (fumaric acid, 2-ethylhexyl tridec-2-yn-1-yl ester), (oct-3-enoylamide, N-methyl-N-undecyl) and hexacosanoic acid are the most frequent indicators of R. toxicus bacterial infection in ryegrass, whereas the presence of 15-methylnonacosane, 13-methylheptacosane, ethyl hexacosyl ether, heptacosyl acetate and heptacosyl trifluoroacetate indicates A. funesta nematode infestation. Metabolites occurring in both bacterial and nematode galls included batilol (stearyl monoglyceride) and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, tetradecyl ester. Among the chemical functional group, esters, fatty acids, and alcohols together contributed more than 70% in healthy seed, whereas ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Pushpendra Koli Manjree Agarwal David Kessell Shalini Mahawar Xin Du Yonglin Ren Simon J. McKirdy |
author_facet |
Pushpendra Koli Manjree Agarwal David Kessell Shalini Mahawar Xin Du Yonglin Ren Simon J. McKirdy |
author_sort |
Pushpendra Koli |
title |
Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS |
title_short |
Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS |
title_full |
Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS |
title_fullStr |
Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS |
title_full_unstemmed |
Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS |
title_sort |
metabolite variation between nematode and bacterial seed galls in comparison to healthy seeds of ryegrass using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (di-spme) coupled with gc-ms |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020828 https://doaj.org/article/1a2eaf375b02411ea4c99a9a30fb91e3 |
genre |
Carbonic acid |
genre_facet |
Carbonic acid |
op_source |
Molecules, Vol 28, Iss 828, p 828 (2023) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/2/828 https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 doi:10.3390/molecules28020828 1420-3049 https://doaj.org/article/1a2eaf375b02411ea4c99a9a30fb91e3 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020828 |
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Molecules |
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28 |
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828 |
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1766388033905491968 |