Effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the Permian–Triassic marine crisis
The largest mass extinction of biota in the Earth’s history occurred during the Permian–Triassic transition and included two extinctions, one each at the latest Permian (first phase) and earliest Triassic (second phase). High seawater temperature in the surface water accompanied by euxinic deep-inte...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:14e6e1a230524d7fbe627a9d3a14455f 2023-05-15T17:51:57+02:00 Effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the Permian–Triassic marine crisis Kunio Kaiho Ryosuke Saito Kosuke Ito Takashi Miyaji Raman Biswas Li Tian Hiroyoshi Sano Zhiqiang Shi Satoshi Takahashi Jinnan Tong Lei Liang Masahiro Oba Fumiko W. Nara Noriyoshi Tsuchiya Zhong-Qiang Chen 2016-08-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00137 https://doaj.org/article/14e6e1a230524d7fbe627a9d3a14455f EN eng Elsevier http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844015304138 https://doaj.org/toc/2405-8440 2405-8440 doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00137 https://doaj.org/article/14e6e1a230524d7fbe627a9d3a14455f Heliyon, Vol 2, Iss 8 (2016) Earth science Environmental science Geochemistry Geology Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99 article 2016 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00137 2023-01-08T01:27:44Z The largest mass extinction of biota in the Earth’s history occurred during the Permian–Triassic transition and included two extinctions, one each at the latest Permian (first phase) and earliest Triassic (second phase). High seawater temperature in the surface water accompanied by euxinic deep-intermediate water, intrusion of the euxinic water to the surface water, a decrease in pH, and hypercapnia have been proposed as direct causes of the marine crisis. For the first-phase extinction, we here add a causal mechanism beginning from massive soil and rock erosion and leading to algal blooms, release of toxic components, asphyxiation, and oxygen-depleted nearshore bottom water that created environmental stress for nearshore marine animals. For the second-phase extinction, we show that a soil and rock erosion/algal bloom event did not occur, but culmination of anoxia–euxinia in intermediate waters did occur, spanning the second-phase extinction. We investigated sedimentary organic molecules, and the results indicated a peak of a massive soil erosion proxy followed by peaks of marine productivity proxy. Anoxic proxies of surface sediments and water occurred in the shallow nearshore sea at the eastern and western margins of the Paleotethys at the first-phase extinction horizon, but not at the second-phase extinction horizon. Our reconstruction of ocean redox structure at low latitudes indicates that a gradual increase in temperature spanning the two extinctions could have induced a gradual change from a well-mixed oxic to a stratified euxinic ocean beginning immediately prior to the first-phase extinction, followed by culmination of anoxia in nearshore surface waters and of anoxia and euxinia in the shallow-intermediate waters at the second-phase extinction over a period of approximately one million years or more. Enhanced global warming, ocean acidification, and hypercapnia could have caused the second-phase extinction approximately 60 kyr after the first-phase extinction. The causes of the first-phase extinction ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Ocean acidification Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Heliyon 2 8 e00137 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Earth science Environmental science Geochemistry Geology Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99 |
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Earth science Environmental science Geochemistry Geology Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99 Kunio Kaiho Ryosuke Saito Kosuke Ito Takashi Miyaji Raman Biswas Li Tian Hiroyoshi Sano Zhiqiang Shi Satoshi Takahashi Jinnan Tong Lei Liang Masahiro Oba Fumiko W. Nara Noriyoshi Tsuchiya Zhong-Qiang Chen Effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the Permian–Triassic marine crisis |
topic_facet |
Earth science Environmental science Geochemistry Geology Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99 |
description |
The largest mass extinction of biota in the Earth’s history occurred during the Permian–Triassic transition and included two extinctions, one each at the latest Permian (first phase) and earliest Triassic (second phase). High seawater temperature in the surface water accompanied by euxinic deep-intermediate water, intrusion of the euxinic water to the surface water, a decrease in pH, and hypercapnia have been proposed as direct causes of the marine crisis. For the first-phase extinction, we here add a causal mechanism beginning from massive soil and rock erosion and leading to algal blooms, release of toxic components, asphyxiation, and oxygen-depleted nearshore bottom water that created environmental stress for nearshore marine animals. For the second-phase extinction, we show that a soil and rock erosion/algal bloom event did not occur, but culmination of anoxia–euxinia in intermediate waters did occur, spanning the second-phase extinction. We investigated sedimentary organic molecules, and the results indicated a peak of a massive soil erosion proxy followed by peaks of marine productivity proxy. Anoxic proxies of surface sediments and water occurred in the shallow nearshore sea at the eastern and western margins of the Paleotethys at the first-phase extinction horizon, but not at the second-phase extinction horizon. Our reconstruction of ocean redox structure at low latitudes indicates that a gradual increase in temperature spanning the two extinctions could have induced a gradual change from a well-mixed oxic to a stratified euxinic ocean beginning immediately prior to the first-phase extinction, followed by culmination of anoxia in nearshore surface waters and of anoxia and euxinia in the shallow-intermediate waters at the second-phase extinction over a period of approximately one million years or more. Enhanced global warming, ocean acidification, and hypercapnia could have caused the second-phase extinction approximately 60 kyr after the first-phase extinction. The causes of the first-phase extinction ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Kunio Kaiho Ryosuke Saito Kosuke Ito Takashi Miyaji Raman Biswas Li Tian Hiroyoshi Sano Zhiqiang Shi Satoshi Takahashi Jinnan Tong Lei Liang Masahiro Oba Fumiko W. Nara Noriyoshi Tsuchiya Zhong-Qiang Chen |
author_facet |
Kunio Kaiho Ryosuke Saito Kosuke Ito Takashi Miyaji Raman Biswas Li Tian Hiroyoshi Sano Zhiqiang Shi Satoshi Takahashi Jinnan Tong Lei Liang Masahiro Oba Fumiko W. Nara Noriyoshi Tsuchiya Zhong-Qiang Chen |
author_sort |
Kunio Kaiho |
title |
Effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the Permian–Triassic marine crisis |
title_short |
Effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the Permian–Triassic marine crisis |
title_full |
Effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the Permian–Triassic marine crisis |
title_fullStr |
Effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the Permian–Triassic marine crisis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the Permian–Triassic marine crisis |
title_sort |
effects of soil erosion and anoxic–euxinic ocean in the permian–triassic marine crisis |
publisher |
Elsevier |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00137 https://doaj.org/article/14e6e1a230524d7fbe627a9d3a14455f |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
Heliyon, Vol 2, Iss 8 (2016) |
op_relation |
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844015304138 https://doaj.org/toc/2405-8440 2405-8440 doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00137 https://doaj.org/article/14e6e1a230524d7fbe627a9d3a14455f |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00137 |
container_title |
Heliyon |
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2 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
e00137 |
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1766159245455130624 |