The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover
The response of the albedo of bare sea ice and snow-covered sea ice to the addition of black carbon is calculated. Visible light absorption and light-scattering cross-sections are derived for a typical first-year and multi-year sea ice with both "dry" and "wet" snow types. The cr...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:14cc81f9518b42778b014f65d4ca35d2 2023-05-15T13:10:39+02:00 The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover A. A. Marks M. D. King 2013-07-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1193-2013 https://doaj.org/article/14cc81f9518b42778b014f65d4ca35d2 EN eng Copernicus Publications http://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/1193/2013/tc-7-1193-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-7-1193-2013 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/14cc81f9518b42778b014f65d4ca35d2 The Cryosphere, Vol 7, Iss 4, Pp 1193-1204 (2013) Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 article 2013 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1193-2013 2022-12-31T14:51:47Z The response of the albedo of bare sea ice and snow-covered sea ice to the addition of black carbon is calculated. Visible light absorption and light-scattering cross-sections are derived for a typical first-year and multi-year sea ice with both "dry" and "wet" snow types. The cross-sections are derived using data from a 1970s field study that recorded both reflectivity and light penetration in Arctic sea ice and snow overlying sea ice. The variation of absorption cross-section over the visible wavelengths suggests black carbon is the dominating light-absorbing impurity. The response of first-year and multi-year sea ice albedo to increasing black carbon, from 1 to 1024 ng g −1 , in a top 5 cm layer of a 155 cm-thick sea ice was calculated using a radiative-transfer model. The albedo of the first-year sea ice is more sensitive to additional loadings of black carbon than the multi-year sea ice. An addition of 8 ng g −1 of black carbon causes a decrease to 98.7% of the original albedo for first-year sea ice compared to a decrease to 99.7% for the albedo of multi-year sea ice, at a wavelength of 500 nm. The albedo of sea ice is surprisingly unresponsive to additional black carbon up to 100 ng g −1 . Snow layers on sea ice may mitigate the effects of black carbon in sea ice. Wet and dry snow layers of 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 cm depth were added onto the sea ice surface. The albedo of the snow surface was calculated whilst the black carbon in the underlying sea ice was increased. A layer of snow 0.5 cm thick greatly diminishes the effect of black carbon in sea ice on the surface albedo. The albedo of a 2–5 cm snow layer (less than the e -folding depth of snow) is still influenced by the underlying sea ice, but the effect of additional black carbon in the sea ice is masked. Article in Journal/Newspaper albedo Arctic black carbon Sea ice The Cryosphere Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic The Cryosphere 7 4 1193 1204 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 A. A. Marks M. D. King The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover |
topic_facet |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
The response of the albedo of bare sea ice and snow-covered sea ice to the addition of black carbon is calculated. Visible light absorption and light-scattering cross-sections are derived for a typical first-year and multi-year sea ice with both "dry" and "wet" snow types. The cross-sections are derived using data from a 1970s field study that recorded both reflectivity and light penetration in Arctic sea ice and snow overlying sea ice. The variation of absorption cross-section over the visible wavelengths suggests black carbon is the dominating light-absorbing impurity. The response of first-year and multi-year sea ice albedo to increasing black carbon, from 1 to 1024 ng g −1 , in a top 5 cm layer of a 155 cm-thick sea ice was calculated using a radiative-transfer model. The albedo of the first-year sea ice is more sensitive to additional loadings of black carbon than the multi-year sea ice. An addition of 8 ng g −1 of black carbon causes a decrease to 98.7% of the original albedo for first-year sea ice compared to a decrease to 99.7% for the albedo of multi-year sea ice, at a wavelength of 500 nm. The albedo of sea ice is surprisingly unresponsive to additional black carbon up to 100 ng g −1 . Snow layers on sea ice may mitigate the effects of black carbon in sea ice. Wet and dry snow layers of 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 cm depth were added onto the sea ice surface. The albedo of the snow surface was calculated whilst the black carbon in the underlying sea ice was increased. A layer of snow 0.5 cm thick greatly diminishes the effect of black carbon in sea ice on the surface albedo. The albedo of a 2–5 cm snow layer (less than the e -folding depth of snow) is still influenced by the underlying sea ice, but the effect of additional black carbon in the sea ice is masked. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
A. A. Marks M. D. King |
author_facet |
A. A. Marks M. D. King |
author_sort |
A. A. Marks |
title |
The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover |
title_short |
The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover |
title_full |
The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover |
title_fullStr |
The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover |
title_full_unstemmed |
The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover |
title_sort |
effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1193-2013 https://doaj.org/article/14cc81f9518b42778b014f65d4ca35d2 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
albedo Arctic black carbon Sea ice The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
albedo Arctic black carbon Sea ice The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 7, Iss 4, Pp 1193-1204 (2013) |
op_relation |
http://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/1193/2013/tc-7-1193-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-7-1193-2013 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/14cc81f9518b42778b014f65d4ca35d2 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1193-2013 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
7 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
1193 |
op_container_end_page |
1204 |
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1766237969444765696 |