Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations
The Amery Ice Shelf (AIS), East Antarctica, has a layered structure, due to the presence of both meteoric and marine ice. In this study, the thermal structure of the AIS and its spatial pattern are evaluated and analysed through borehole observations and numerical simulations with Elmer/Ice, a full-...
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Copernicus Publications
2022
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:1239b5e927ac46ae91cb373fb8504416 2023-05-15T13:22:05+02:00 Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations Y. Wang C. Zhao R. Gladstone B. Galton-Fenzi R. Warner 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022 https://doaj.org/article/1239b5e927ac46ae91cb373fb8504416 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/1221/2022/tc-16-1221-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/1239b5e927ac46ae91cb373fb8504416 The Cryosphere, Vol 16, Pp 1221-1245 (2022) Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022 2022-12-31T11:58:47Z The Amery Ice Shelf (AIS), East Antarctica, has a layered structure, due to the presence of both meteoric and marine ice. In this study, the thermal structure of the AIS and its spatial pattern are evaluated and analysed through borehole observations and numerical simulations with Elmer/Ice, a full-Stokes ice sheet/shelf model. In the area with marine ice, a near-isothermal basal layer up to 120 m thick is observed, which closely conforms to the pressure-dependent freezing temperature of seawater. In the area experiencing basal melting, large temperature gradients, up to − 0.36 ∘ C m −1 , are observed at the base. Three-dimensional (3-D) steady-state temperature simulations with four different basal mass balance (BMB) datasets for the AIS reveal a high sensitivity of ice shelf thermal structure to the distribution of BMB. We also construct a one-dimensional (1-D) transient temperature column model to simulate the process of an ice column moving along a flowline with corresponding boundary conditions, which achieves slightly better agreement with borehole observations than the 3-D simulations. Our simulations reveal internal cold ice advected from higher elevations by the AIS's main inlet glaciers, warming downstream along the ice flow, and we suggest the thermal structures dominated by these cold cores may commonly exist among Antarctic ice shelves. For the marine ice, the porous structure of its lower layer and interactions with ocean below determine the local thermal regime and give rise to the near-isothermal phenomenon. The limitations in our simulations identify the need for ice shelf–ocean coupled models with improved thermodynamics and more comprehensive boundary conditions. Given the temperature dependence of ice rheology, the depth-averaged ice stiffness factor <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mover ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Amery Ice Shelf Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica East Antarctica Ice Sheet Ice Shelf Ice Shelves The Cryosphere Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Antarctic East Antarctica Amery ENVELOPE(-94.063,-94.063,56.565,56.565) Amery Ice Shelf ENVELOPE(71.000,71.000,-69.750,-69.750) The Cryosphere 16 4 1221 1245 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 Y. Wang C. Zhao R. Gladstone B. Galton-Fenzi R. Warner Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations |
topic_facet |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
The Amery Ice Shelf (AIS), East Antarctica, has a layered structure, due to the presence of both meteoric and marine ice. In this study, the thermal structure of the AIS and its spatial pattern are evaluated and analysed through borehole observations and numerical simulations with Elmer/Ice, a full-Stokes ice sheet/shelf model. In the area with marine ice, a near-isothermal basal layer up to 120 m thick is observed, which closely conforms to the pressure-dependent freezing temperature of seawater. In the area experiencing basal melting, large temperature gradients, up to − 0.36 ∘ C m −1 , are observed at the base. Three-dimensional (3-D) steady-state temperature simulations with four different basal mass balance (BMB) datasets for the AIS reveal a high sensitivity of ice shelf thermal structure to the distribution of BMB. We also construct a one-dimensional (1-D) transient temperature column model to simulate the process of an ice column moving along a flowline with corresponding boundary conditions, which achieves slightly better agreement with borehole observations than the 3-D simulations. Our simulations reveal internal cold ice advected from higher elevations by the AIS's main inlet glaciers, warming downstream along the ice flow, and we suggest the thermal structures dominated by these cold cores may commonly exist among Antarctic ice shelves. For the marine ice, the porous structure of its lower layer and interactions with ocean below determine the local thermal regime and give rise to the near-isothermal phenomenon. The limitations in our simulations identify the need for ice shelf–ocean coupled models with improved thermodynamics and more comprehensive boundary conditions. Given the temperature dependence of ice rheology, the depth-averaged ice stiffness factor <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mover ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Y. Wang C. Zhao R. Gladstone B. Galton-Fenzi R. Warner |
author_facet |
Y. Wang C. Zhao R. Gladstone B. Galton-Fenzi R. Warner |
author_sort |
Y. Wang |
title |
Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations |
title_short |
Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations |
title_full |
Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations |
title_fullStr |
Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations |
title_full_unstemmed |
Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations |
title_sort |
thermal structure of the amery ice shelf from borehole observations and simulations |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022 https://doaj.org/article/1239b5e927ac46ae91cb373fb8504416 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-94.063,-94.063,56.565,56.565) ENVELOPE(71.000,71.000,-69.750,-69.750) |
geographic |
Antarctic East Antarctica Amery Amery Ice Shelf |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic East Antarctica Amery Amery Ice Shelf |
genre |
Amery Ice Shelf Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica East Antarctica Ice Sheet Ice Shelf Ice Shelves The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
Amery Ice Shelf Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica East Antarctica Ice Sheet Ice Shelf Ice Shelves The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 16, Pp 1221-1245 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/1221/2022/tc-16-1221-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/1239b5e927ac46ae91cb373fb8504416 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
1221 |
op_container_end_page |
1245 |
_version_ |
1766363207108132864 |