Reproductive phenology in a Norway spruce seed orchard

• Published in: Silva Fennica
• Main Author: Nikkanen, Teijo
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Finnish Society of Forest Science 2001
• Subjects: Forestry; SD1-669.5; Norway; Northern Finland
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.602; https://doaj.org/article/115920f3b6da44c495807d3462ac4d6b

Reproductive phenology was studied in a Norway spruce seed orchard, located in southern Finland (62°13âN, 25°24âE), consisting of 67 clones from northern Finland (64°â67°N). Timing of flowering was determined on the basis of data recorded by a pollen catch meter during 1984â1995, and visual observations made on grafts in 1989, 1992, 1993 and 1995. The genetic and environmental factors affecting female and male phenology, and reproductive synchronisation were studied. The between-year variation in the timing of flowering was more than three weeks. However, when it was defined on the basis of the effective temperature sum, the variation was smaller. No phenological reproductive isolation was found between the seed orchard and surrounding natural forests. The duration of the receptive period of the seed orchard varied from 5 to 8 days, and anthesis determined on the basis of airborne pollen from 5 to 10 days. The receptive period started about one day earlier than anthesis, except in one abnormally warm flowering period when female and male flowering started simultaneously. In general, the flowering periods of the different clones overlapped. The clonal differences in the phenology of receptivity were in most cases statistically significant, but in pollen shedding they were not. The broad-sense heritability estimates were higher for female than for male phenology. Environmental factors, conversely, had a stronger effect on male phenology. A wide graft spacing and a graft position that favoured solar radiation on the lower parts of the crown promoted early pollen shedding and, subsequently, better reproductive synchronisation between female and male flowering.