Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet
To evolve fish farming in an eco-efficient way, feed production must become less dependent on forage fish-based ingredients and make more use of low trophic level organisms, including microalgae, higher plants, as filter feeding organisms and other ingredients with low competition to established foo...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.884740 https://doaj.org/article/0d0e494803884a05afc013014d4f8423 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:0d0e494803884a05afc013014d4f8423 2023-05-15T15:31:28+02:00 Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet K. Kousoulaki L. Sveen F. Norén Å. Espmark 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.884740 https://doaj.org/article/0d0e494803884a05afc013014d4f8423 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.884740/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042X 1664-042X doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.884740 https://doaj.org/article/0d0e494803884a05afc013014d4f8423 Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 13 (2022) Atlantic salmon black soldier fly larvae microalgae tunicates Schizochytrium sp low trophic level feed ingredients Physiology QP1-981 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.884740 2022-12-31T02:59:19Z To evolve fish farming in an eco-efficient way, feed production must become less dependent on forage fish-based ingredients and make more use of low trophic level organisms, including microalgae, higher plants, as filter feeding organisms and other ingredients with low competition to established food value chains. Diets nearly free of fish meal and fish oil are not a novelty but are often composed of complex mixtures, containing supplements to meet the farmed animal’s nutritional requirements. Sustaining a growing aquaculture production, maintaining at the same time fish health, welfare, and profitability, and meeting strict environmental and food safety demands, is challenging and requires new technologies, great investments, and more knowledge. A benchmarking feeding trial was performed to demonstrate the main effects of four low trophic raw materials on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth, metabolism, skin health and fillet quality. To this end, a diet was produced to contain commercially relevant levels of fresh high quality organic FM and FO and was used as a control in the trial (FMFO). Heterotrophically produced Schizochytrium limacinum biomass was used to replace organic FO (HM diet). Spray dried cell wall disrupted biomass of the phototrophically cultured diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum replaced partly FM and FO (PM diet). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal and tunicate (Ciona intestinalis) meal, were used to produce the diets BSFL and TM, respectively, replacing large parts of FM as compared to the FMFO. A fifth test diet was produced combining all test raw materials and removing all FM and FO (0FM0FO diet). All test ingredients were well accepted sustaining high growth rates (TGC values near 4) and feed efficiency (FCR values below 0.9) in salmon showing good gut health and normal metabolic responses. However, none of the treatments reached the growth performance of FMFO. Additional differences between test and control treatments were identified in dietary nutrient apparent ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Frontiers in Physiology 13 |
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op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
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topic |
Atlantic salmon black soldier fly larvae microalgae tunicates Schizochytrium sp low trophic level feed ingredients Physiology QP1-981 |
spellingShingle |
Atlantic salmon black soldier fly larvae microalgae tunicates Schizochytrium sp low trophic level feed ingredients Physiology QP1-981 K. Kousoulaki L. Sveen F. Norén Å. Espmark Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet |
topic_facet |
Atlantic salmon black soldier fly larvae microalgae tunicates Schizochytrium sp low trophic level feed ingredients Physiology QP1-981 |
description |
To evolve fish farming in an eco-efficient way, feed production must become less dependent on forage fish-based ingredients and make more use of low trophic level organisms, including microalgae, higher plants, as filter feeding organisms and other ingredients with low competition to established food value chains. Diets nearly free of fish meal and fish oil are not a novelty but are often composed of complex mixtures, containing supplements to meet the farmed animal’s nutritional requirements. Sustaining a growing aquaculture production, maintaining at the same time fish health, welfare, and profitability, and meeting strict environmental and food safety demands, is challenging and requires new technologies, great investments, and more knowledge. A benchmarking feeding trial was performed to demonstrate the main effects of four low trophic raw materials on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth, metabolism, skin health and fillet quality. To this end, a diet was produced to contain commercially relevant levels of fresh high quality organic FM and FO and was used as a control in the trial (FMFO). Heterotrophically produced Schizochytrium limacinum biomass was used to replace organic FO (HM diet). Spray dried cell wall disrupted biomass of the phototrophically cultured diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum replaced partly FM and FO (PM diet). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal and tunicate (Ciona intestinalis) meal, were used to produce the diets BSFL and TM, respectively, replacing large parts of FM as compared to the FMFO. A fifth test diet was produced combining all test raw materials and removing all FM and FO (0FM0FO diet). All test ingredients were well accepted sustaining high growth rates (TGC values near 4) and feed efficiency (FCR values below 0.9) in salmon showing good gut health and normal metabolic responses. However, none of the treatments reached the growth performance of FMFO. Additional differences between test and control treatments were identified in dietary nutrient apparent ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
K. Kousoulaki L. Sveen F. Norén Å. Espmark |
author_facet |
K. Kousoulaki L. Sveen F. Norén Å. Espmark |
author_sort |
K. Kousoulaki |
title |
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet |
title_short |
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet |
title_full |
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet |
title_fullStr |
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet |
title_full_unstemmed |
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Performance Fed Low Trophic Ingredients in a Fish Meal and Fish Oil Free Diet |
title_sort |
atlantic salmon (salmo salar) performance fed low trophic ingredients in a fish meal and fish oil free diet |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.884740 https://doaj.org/article/0d0e494803884a05afc013014d4f8423 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 13 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.884740/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042X 1664-042X doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.884740 https://doaj.org/article/0d0e494803884a05afc013014d4f8423 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.884740 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Physiology |
container_volume |
13 |
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1766361985524432896 |