Architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat
Herman Melville’s novel Moby Dick was inspired by historical instances in which large sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus L.) sank 19th century whaling ships by ramming them with their foreheads. The immense forehead of sperm whales is possibly the largest, and one of the strangest, anatomical stru...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:0b9b4bcf3e344f4dace327c9346d43ab 2024-01-07T09:46:02+01:00 Architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat Olga Panagiotopoulou Panagiotis Spyridis Hyab Mehari Abraha David R. Carrier Todd C. Pataky 2016-04-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1895 https://doaj.org/article/0b9b4bcf3e344f4dace327c9346d43ab EN eng PeerJ Inc. https://peerj.com/articles/1895.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/1895/ https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359 doi:10.7717/peerj.1895 2167-8359 https://doaj.org/article/0b9b4bcf3e344f4dace327c9346d43ab PeerJ, Vol 4, p e1895 (2016) Sperm whale Spermaceti junk Ramming impact Finite element analysis Probabilistic simulation Connective tissue partitions Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 article 2016 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1895 2023-12-10T01:52:30Z Herman Melville’s novel Moby Dick was inspired by historical instances in which large sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus L.) sank 19th century whaling ships by ramming them with their foreheads. The immense forehead of sperm whales is possibly the largest, and one of the strangest, anatomical structures in the animal kingdom. It contains two large oil-filled compartments, known as the “spermaceti organ” and “junk,” that constitute up to one-quarter of body mass and extend one-third of the total length of the whale. Recognized as playing an important role in echolocation, previous studies have also attributed the complex structural configuration of the spermaceti organ and junk to acoustic sexual selection, acoustic prey debilitation, buoyancy control, and aggressive ramming. Of these additional suggested functions, ramming remains the most controversial, and the potential mechanical roles of the structural components of the spermaceti organ and junk in ramming remain untested. Here we explore the aggressive ramming hypothesis using a novel combination of structural engineering principles and probabilistic simulation to determine if the unique structure of the junk significantly reduces stress in the skull during quasi-static impact. Our analyses indicate that the connective tissue partitions in the junk reduce von Mises stresses across the skull and that the load-redistribution functionality of the former is insensitive to moderate variation in tissue material parameters, the thickness of the partitions, and variations in the location and angle of the applied load. Absence of the connective tissue partitions increases skull stresses, particularly in the rostral aspect of the upper jaw, further hinting of the important role the architecture of the junk may play in ramming events. Our study also found that impact loads on the spermaceti organ generate lower skull stresses than an impact on the junk. Nevertheless, whilst an impact on the spermaceti organ would reduce skull stresses, it would also cause high ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles PeerJ 4 e1895 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Sperm whale Spermaceti junk Ramming impact Finite element analysis Probabilistic simulation Connective tissue partitions Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 |
spellingShingle |
Sperm whale Spermaceti junk Ramming impact Finite element analysis Probabilistic simulation Connective tissue partitions Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Olga Panagiotopoulou Panagiotis Spyridis Hyab Mehari Abraha David R. Carrier Todd C. Pataky Architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat |
topic_facet |
Sperm whale Spermaceti junk Ramming impact Finite element analysis Probabilistic simulation Connective tissue partitions Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 |
description |
Herman Melville’s novel Moby Dick was inspired by historical instances in which large sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus L.) sank 19th century whaling ships by ramming them with their foreheads. The immense forehead of sperm whales is possibly the largest, and one of the strangest, anatomical structures in the animal kingdom. It contains two large oil-filled compartments, known as the “spermaceti organ” and “junk,” that constitute up to one-quarter of body mass and extend one-third of the total length of the whale. Recognized as playing an important role in echolocation, previous studies have also attributed the complex structural configuration of the spermaceti organ and junk to acoustic sexual selection, acoustic prey debilitation, buoyancy control, and aggressive ramming. Of these additional suggested functions, ramming remains the most controversial, and the potential mechanical roles of the structural components of the spermaceti organ and junk in ramming remain untested. Here we explore the aggressive ramming hypothesis using a novel combination of structural engineering principles and probabilistic simulation to determine if the unique structure of the junk significantly reduces stress in the skull during quasi-static impact. Our analyses indicate that the connective tissue partitions in the junk reduce von Mises stresses across the skull and that the load-redistribution functionality of the former is insensitive to moderate variation in tissue material parameters, the thickness of the partitions, and variations in the location and angle of the applied load. Absence of the connective tissue partitions increases skull stresses, particularly in the rostral aspect of the upper jaw, further hinting of the important role the architecture of the junk may play in ramming events. Our study also found that impact loads on the spermaceti organ generate lower skull stresses than an impact on the junk. Nevertheless, whilst an impact on the spermaceti organ would reduce skull stresses, it would also cause high ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Olga Panagiotopoulou Panagiotis Spyridis Hyab Mehari Abraha David R. Carrier Todd C. Pataky |
author_facet |
Olga Panagiotopoulou Panagiotis Spyridis Hyab Mehari Abraha David R. Carrier Todd C. Pataky |
author_sort |
Olga Panagiotopoulou |
title |
Architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat |
title_short |
Architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat |
title_full |
Architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat |
title_fullStr |
Architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat |
title_full_unstemmed |
Architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat |
title_sort |
architecture of the sperm whale forehead facilitates ramming combat |
publisher |
PeerJ Inc. |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1895 https://doaj.org/article/0b9b4bcf3e344f4dace327c9346d43ab |
genre |
Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale |
genre_facet |
Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale |
op_source |
PeerJ, Vol 4, p e1895 (2016) |
op_relation |
https://peerj.com/articles/1895.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/1895/ https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359 doi:10.7717/peerj.1895 2167-8359 https://doaj.org/article/0b9b4bcf3e344f4dace327c9346d43ab |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1895 |
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PeerJ |
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4 |
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e1895 |
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