Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are dynamically important, strongly ascending and mostly stratiform cloud-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. Despite the predominantly stratiform character of the WCB's large-scale cloud band, convective clouds can be embedded in it. This embedded convectio...
Published in: | Weather and Climate Dynamics |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2021
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021 https://doaj.org/article/0a3d0b0441d34a1b9e6e4bfa283296d3 |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:0a3d0b0441d34a1b9e6e4bfa283296d3 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:0a3d0b0441d34a1b9e6e4bfa283296d3 2023-05-15T17:36:11+02:00 Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact A. Oertel M. Sprenger H. Joos M. Boettcher H. Konow M. Hagen H. Wernli 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021 https://doaj.org/article/0a3d0b0441d34a1b9e6e4bfa283296d3 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/2/89/2021/wcd-2-89-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2698-4016 doi:10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021 2698-4016 https://doaj.org/article/0a3d0b0441d34a1b9e6e4bfa283296d3 Weather and Climate Dynamics, Vol 2, Pp 89-110 (2021) Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021 2022-12-31T09:33:31Z Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are dynamically important, strongly ascending and mostly stratiform cloud-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. Despite the predominantly stratiform character of the WCB's large-scale cloud band, convective clouds can be embedded in it. This embedded convection leads to a heterogeneously structured cloud band with locally enhanced hydrometeor content, intense surface precipitation and substantial amounts of graupel in the middle troposphere. Recent studies showed that embedded convection forms dynamically relevant quasi-horizontal potential vorticity (PV) dipoles in the upper troposphere. Thereby one pole can reach strongly negative PV values associated with inertial or symmetric instability near the upper-level PV waveguide, where it can interact with and modify the upper-level jet. This study analyzes the characteristics of embedded convection in the WCB of cyclone Sanchez based on WCB online trajectories from a convection-permitting simulation and airborne radar observations during the North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) field campaign (intense observation periods, IOPs, 10 and 11). In the first part, we present the radar reflectivity structure of the WCB and corroborate its heterogeneous cloud structure and the occurrence of embedded convection. Radar observations in three different sub-regions of the WCB cloud band reveal the differing intensity of its embedded convection, which is qualitatively confirmed by the ascent rates of the online WCB trajectories. The detailed ascent behavior of the WCB trajectories reveals that very intense convection with ascent rates of 600 hPa in 30–60 min occurs, in addition to comparatively moderate convection with slower ascent velocities as reported in previous case studies. In the second part of this study, a systematic Lagrangian composite analysis based on online trajectories for two sub-categories of WCB-embedded convection – moderate and intense convection – is performed. Composites of the cloud and ... Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Weather and Climate Dynamics 2 1 89 110 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 |
spellingShingle |
Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 A. Oertel M. Sprenger H. Joos M. Boettcher H. Konow M. Hagen H. Wernli Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact |
topic_facet |
Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 |
description |
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are dynamically important, strongly ascending and mostly stratiform cloud-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. Despite the predominantly stratiform character of the WCB's large-scale cloud band, convective clouds can be embedded in it. This embedded convection leads to a heterogeneously structured cloud band with locally enhanced hydrometeor content, intense surface precipitation and substantial amounts of graupel in the middle troposphere. Recent studies showed that embedded convection forms dynamically relevant quasi-horizontal potential vorticity (PV) dipoles in the upper troposphere. Thereby one pole can reach strongly negative PV values associated with inertial or symmetric instability near the upper-level PV waveguide, where it can interact with and modify the upper-level jet. This study analyzes the characteristics of embedded convection in the WCB of cyclone Sanchez based on WCB online trajectories from a convection-permitting simulation and airborne radar observations during the North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) field campaign (intense observation periods, IOPs, 10 and 11). In the first part, we present the radar reflectivity structure of the WCB and corroborate its heterogeneous cloud structure and the occurrence of embedded convection. Radar observations in three different sub-regions of the WCB cloud band reveal the differing intensity of its embedded convection, which is qualitatively confirmed by the ascent rates of the online WCB trajectories. The detailed ascent behavior of the WCB trajectories reveals that very intense convection with ascent rates of 600 hPa in 30–60 min occurs, in addition to comparatively moderate convection with slower ascent velocities as reported in previous case studies. In the second part of this study, a systematic Lagrangian composite analysis based on online trajectories for two sub-categories of WCB-embedded convection – moderate and intense convection – is performed. Composites of the cloud and ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
A. Oertel M. Sprenger H. Joos M. Boettcher H. Konow M. Hagen H. Wernli |
author_facet |
A. Oertel M. Sprenger H. Joos M. Boettcher H. Konow M. Hagen H. Wernli |
author_sort |
A. Oertel |
title |
Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact |
title_short |
Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact |
title_full |
Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact |
title_fullStr |
Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact |
title_full_unstemmed |
Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact |
title_sort |
observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021 https://doaj.org/article/0a3d0b0441d34a1b9e6e4bfa283296d3 |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Weather and Climate Dynamics, Vol 2, Pp 89-110 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/2/89/2021/wcd-2-89-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2698-4016 doi:10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021 2698-4016 https://doaj.org/article/0a3d0b0441d34a1b9e6e4bfa283296d3 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021 |
container_title |
Weather and Climate Dynamics |
container_volume |
2 |
container_issue |
1 |
container_start_page |
89 |
op_container_end_page |
110 |
_version_ |
1766135579407286272 |