A 17-year Record of Meteorological Observations Across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in Southern Patagonia, Chile, Related to Synoptic Weather Types and Climate Modes
The network of long-term meteorological observations in Southernmost Patagonia is still sparse but crucial to improve our understanding of climatic variability, in particular in the more elevated and partially glaciated Southernmost Andes. Here we present a unique 17-year meteorological record (2000...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:03e97bbd1ad84e8ebb84a1c0318b3e5b 2023-05-15T13:39:14+02:00 A 17-year Record of Meteorological Observations Across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in Southern Patagonia, Chile, Related to Synoptic Weather Types and Climate Modes Stephanie S. Weidemann Tobias Sauter Rolf Kilian David Steger Nicolas Butorovic Christoph Schneider 2018-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00053 https://doaj.org/article/03e97bbd1ad84e8ebb84a1c0318b3e5b EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2018.00053/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463 2296-6463 doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00053 https://doaj.org/article/03e97bbd1ad84e8ebb84a1c0318b3e5b Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol 6 (2018) Southern Patagonia Chile meteorological observations Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap weather type classification ENSO Science Q article 2018 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00053 2022-12-30T21:34:12Z The network of long-term meteorological observations in Southernmost Patagonia is still sparse but crucial to improve our understanding of climatic variability, in particular in the more elevated and partially glaciated Southernmost Andes. Here we present a unique 17-year meteorological record (2000–2016) of four automatic weather stations (AWS) across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap (53°S) in the Southernmost Andes (Chile) and the conventional weather station Jorge Schythe of the Instituto de la Patagonia in Punta Arenas for comparison. We revisit the relationship between in situ observations and large-scale climate models as well as mesoscale weather patterns. For this purpose, a 37-year record of ERA Interim Reanalysis data has been used to compute a weather type classification based on a hierarchical correlation-based leader algorithm. The orographic perturbation on the predominantly westerly airflow determines the hydroclimatic response across the mountain range, leading to significant west-east gradients of precipitation, air temperature and humidity. Annual precipitation sums heavily drop within only tens of kilometers from ~7,500 mm a−1 to less than 800 mm a−1. The occurrence of high precipitation events of up to 620 mm in 5 days and wet spells of up to 61 consecutive days underscore the year-around wet conditions in the Southernmost Andes. Given the strong link between large-scale circulation and orographically controlled precipitation, the synoptic-scale weather conditions largely determine the precipitation and temperature variability on all time scales. Major synoptic weather types with distinct low-pressure cells in the Weddell Sea or Bellingshausen Sea, causing a prevailing southwesterly, northwesterly or westerly airflow, determine the weather conditions in Southernmost Patagonia during 68% of the year. At Gran Campo Nevado, more than 80% of extreme precipitation events occur during the persistence of these weather types. The evolution of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and Antarctic Oscillation ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Bellingshausen Sea Ice cap Weddell Sea Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Antarctic Weddell Sea Patagonia Bellingshausen Sea Weddell Frontiers in Earth Science 6 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Southern Patagonia Chile meteorological observations Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap weather type classification ENSO Science Q |
spellingShingle |
Southern Patagonia Chile meteorological observations Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap weather type classification ENSO Science Q Stephanie S. Weidemann Tobias Sauter Rolf Kilian David Steger Nicolas Butorovic Christoph Schneider A 17-year Record of Meteorological Observations Across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in Southern Patagonia, Chile, Related to Synoptic Weather Types and Climate Modes |
topic_facet |
Southern Patagonia Chile meteorological observations Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap weather type classification ENSO Science Q |
description |
The network of long-term meteorological observations in Southernmost Patagonia is still sparse but crucial to improve our understanding of climatic variability, in particular in the more elevated and partially glaciated Southernmost Andes. Here we present a unique 17-year meteorological record (2000–2016) of four automatic weather stations (AWS) across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap (53°S) in the Southernmost Andes (Chile) and the conventional weather station Jorge Schythe of the Instituto de la Patagonia in Punta Arenas for comparison. We revisit the relationship between in situ observations and large-scale climate models as well as mesoscale weather patterns. For this purpose, a 37-year record of ERA Interim Reanalysis data has been used to compute a weather type classification based on a hierarchical correlation-based leader algorithm. The orographic perturbation on the predominantly westerly airflow determines the hydroclimatic response across the mountain range, leading to significant west-east gradients of precipitation, air temperature and humidity. Annual precipitation sums heavily drop within only tens of kilometers from ~7,500 mm a−1 to less than 800 mm a−1. The occurrence of high precipitation events of up to 620 mm in 5 days and wet spells of up to 61 consecutive days underscore the year-around wet conditions in the Southernmost Andes. Given the strong link between large-scale circulation and orographically controlled precipitation, the synoptic-scale weather conditions largely determine the precipitation and temperature variability on all time scales. Major synoptic weather types with distinct low-pressure cells in the Weddell Sea or Bellingshausen Sea, causing a prevailing southwesterly, northwesterly or westerly airflow, determine the weather conditions in Southernmost Patagonia during 68% of the year. At Gran Campo Nevado, more than 80% of extreme precipitation events occur during the persistence of these weather types. The evolution of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and Antarctic Oscillation ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Stephanie S. Weidemann Tobias Sauter Rolf Kilian David Steger Nicolas Butorovic Christoph Schneider |
author_facet |
Stephanie S. Weidemann Tobias Sauter Rolf Kilian David Steger Nicolas Butorovic Christoph Schneider |
author_sort |
Stephanie S. Weidemann |
title |
A 17-year Record of Meteorological Observations Across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in Southern Patagonia, Chile, Related to Synoptic Weather Types and Climate Modes |
title_short |
A 17-year Record of Meteorological Observations Across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in Southern Patagonia, Chile, Related to Synoptic Weather Types and Climate Modes |
title_full |
A 17-year Record of Meteorological Observations Across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in Southern Patagonia, Chile, Related to Synoptic Weather Types and Climate Modes |
title_fullStr |
A 17-year Record of Meteorological Observations Across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in Southern Patagonia, Chile, Related to Synoptic Weather Types and Climate Modes |
title_full_unstemmed |
A 17-year Record of Meteorological Observations Across the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in Southern Patagonia, Chile, Related to Synoptic Weather Types and Climate Modes |
title_sort |
17-year record of meteorological observations across the gran campo nevado ice cap in southern patagonia, chile, related to synoptic weather types and climate modes |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00053 https://doaj.org/article/03e97bbd1ad84e8ebb84a1c0318b3e5b |
geographic |
Antarctic Weddell Sea Patagonia Bellingshausen Sea Weddell |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Weddell Sea Patagonia Bellingshausen Sea Weddell |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Bellingshausen Sea Ice cap Weddell Sea |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Bellingshausen Sea Ice cap Weddell Sea |
op_source |
Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol 6 (2018) |
op_relation |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2018.00053/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463 2296-6463 doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00053 https://doaj.org/article/03e97bbd1ad84e8ebb84a1c0318b3e5b |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00053 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Earth Science |
container_volume |
6 |
_version_ |
1766116301120471040 |