Natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model NorESM2
Oceanic bromoform (CHBr 3 ) is an important precursor of atmospheric bromine. Although highly relevant for the future halogen burden and ozone layer in the stratosphere, global CHBr 3 production in the ocean and its emissions are still poorly constrained in observations and are mostly neglected in c...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:01043b5c77cf471ab02e0320a391cb53 2024-09-09T19:58:13+00:00 Natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model NorESM2 D. Booge J. F. Tjiputra D. J. L. Olivié B. Quack K. Krüger 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-801-2024 https://doaj.org/article/01043b5c77cf471ab02e0320a391cb53 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/15/801/2024/esd-15-801-2024.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2190-4979 https://doaj.org/toc/2190-4987 doi:10.5194/esd-15-801-2024 2190-4979 2190-4987 https://doaj.org/article/01043b5c77cf471ab02e0320a391cb53 Earth System Dynamics, Vol 15, Pp 801-816 (2024) Science Q Geology QE1-996.5 Dynamic and structural geology QE500-639.5 article 2024 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-801-2024 2024-08-05T17:49:08Z Oceanic bromoform (CHBr 3 ) is an important precursor of atmospheric bromine. Although highly relevant for the future halogen burden and ozone layer in the stratosphere, global CHBr 3 production in the ocean and its emissions are still poorly constrained in observations and are mostly neglected in climate models. Here, we newly implement marine CHBr 3 in the second version of the state-of-the-art Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) with fully coupled interactions of ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. Our results are validated using oceanic and atmospheric observations from the HalOcAt (Halocarbons in the Ocean and Atmosphere) database. The simulated mean oceanic concentrations (6.61 ± 3.43 pmol L −1 ) are in good agreement with observations from open-ocean regions (5.02 ± 4.50 pmol L −1 ) , while the mean atmospheric mixing ratios (0.76 ± 0.39 ppt) are lower than observed but within the range of uncertainty (1.45 ± 1.11 ppt). The NorESM2 ocean emissions of CHBr 3 (214 Gg yr −1 ) are within the range of or higher than previously published estimates from bottom-up approaches but lower than estimates from top-down approaches. Annual mean fluxes are mostly positive (sea-to-air fluxes); driven by oceanic concentrations, sea surface temperature, and wind speed; and dependent on season and location. During winter, model results imply that some oceanic regions in high latitudes act as sinks of atmospheric CHBr 3 due to their elevated atmospheric mixing ratios. We further demonstrate that key drivers for oceanic and atmospheric CHBr 3 variability are spatially heterogeneous. In the tropical West Pacific, which is a hot spot for oceanic bromine delivery to the stratosphere, wind speed is the main driver for CHBr 3 fluxes on an annual basis. In the North Atlantic, as well as in the Southern Ocean region, atmospheric and oceanic CHBr 3 variabilities interact during most of the seasons except for the winter months, when sea surface temperature is the main driver. Our study provides an improved process-based understanding of ... Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Sea ice Southern Ocean Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Pacific Southern Ocean Earth System Dynamics 15 3 801 816 |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Science Q Geology QE1-996.5 Dynamic and structural geology QE500-639.5 |
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Science Q Geology QE1-996.5 Dynamic and structural geology QE500-639.5 D. Booge J. F. Tjiputra D. J. L. Olivié B. Quack K. Krüger Natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model NorESM2 |
topic_facet |
Science Q Geology QE1-996.5 Dynamic and structural geology QE500-639.5 |
description |
Oceanic bromoform (CHBr 3 ) is an important precursor of atmospheric bromine. Although highly relevant for the future halogen burden and ozone layer in the stratosphere, global CHBr 3 production in the ocean and its emissions are still poorly constrained in observations and are mostly neglected in climate models. Here, we newly implement marine CHBr 3 in the second version of the state-of-the-art Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) with fully coupled interactions of ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. Our results are validated using oceanic and atmospheric observations from the HalOcAt (Halocarbons in the Ocean and Atmosphere) database. The simulated mean oceanic concentrations (6.61 ± 3.43 pmol L −1 ) are in good agreement with observations from open-ocean regions (5.02 ± 4.50 pmol L −1 ) , while the mean atmospheric mixing ratios (0.76 ± 0.39 ppt) are lower than observed but within the range of uncertainty (1.45 ± 1.11 ppt). The NorESM2 ocean emissions of CHBr 3 (214 Gg yr −1 ) are within the range of or higher than previously published estimates from bottom-up approaches but lower than estimates from top-down approaches. Annual mean fluxes are mostly positive (sea-to-air fluxes); driven by oceanic concentrations, sea surface temperature, and wind speed; and dependent on season and location. During winter, model results imply that some oceanic regions in high latitudes act as sinks of atmospheric CHBr 3 due to their elevated atmospheric mixing ratios. We further demonstrate that key drivers for oceanic and atmospheric CHBr 3 variability are spatially heterogeneous. In the tropical West Pacific, which is a hot spot for oceanic bromine delivery to the stratosphere, wind speed is the main driver for CHBr 3 fluxes on an annual basis. In the North Atlantic, as well as in the Southern Ocean region, atmospheric and oceanic CHBr 3 variabilities interact during most of the seasons except for the winter months, when sea surface temperature is the main driver. Our study provides an improved process-based understanding of ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
D. Booge J. F. Tjiputra D. J. L. Olivié B. Quack K. Krüger |
author_facet |
D. Booge J. F. Tjiputra D. J. L. Olivié B. Quack K. Krüger |
author_sort |
D. Booge |
title |
Natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model NorESM2 |
title_short |
Natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model NorESM2 |
title_full |
Natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model NorESM2 |
title_fullStr |
Natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model NorESM2 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model NorESM2 |
title_sort |
natural marine bromoform emissions in the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere model noresm2 |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2024 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-801-2024 https://doaj.org/article/01043b5c77cf471ab02e0320a391cb53 |
geographic |
Pacific Southern Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Pacific Southern Ocean |
genre |
North Atlantic Sea ice Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic Sea ice Southern Ocean |
op_source |
Earth System Dynamics, Vol 15, Pp 801-816 (2024) |
op_relation |
https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/15/801/2024/esd-15-801-2024.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2190-4979 https://doaj.org/toc/2190-4987 doi:10.5194/esd-15-801-2024 2190-4979 2190-4987 https://doaj.org/article/01043b5c77cf471ab02e0320a391cb53 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-801-2024 |
container_title |
Earth System Dynamics |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
801 |
op_container_end_page |
816 |
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1809929205041856512 |