Plasmodium vivax Transmission in Africa.
Malaria in sub-Saharan Africa has historically been almost exclusively attributed to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Current diagnostic and surveillance systems in much of sub-Saharan Africa are not designed to identify or report non-Pf human malaria infections accurately, resulting in a dearth of routi...
Published in: | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2015
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222 https://doaj.org/article/0022f52489fc4fafb1b27e1ecd1eb78c |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:0022f52489fc4fafb1b27e1ecd1eb78c |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:0022f52489fc4fafb1b27e1ecd1eb78c 2023-05-15T15:11:40+02:00 Plasmodium vivax Transmission in Africa. Rosalind E Howes Robert C Reiner Katherine E Battle Joshua Longbottom Bonnie Mappin Dariya Ordanovich Andrew J Tatem Chris Drakeley Peter W Gething Peter A Zimmerman David L Smith Simon I Hay 2015-11-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222 https://doaj.org/article/0022f52489fc4fafb1b27e1ecd1eb78c EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4654493?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222 https://doaj.org/article/0022f52489fc4fafb1b27e1ecd1eb78c PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 9, Iss 11, p e0004222 (2015) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2015 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222 2022-12-31T04:14:25Z Malaria in sub-Saharan Africa has historically been almost exclusively attributed to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Current diagnostic and surveillance systems in much of sub-Saharan Africa are not designed to identify or report non-Pf human malaria infections accurately, resulting in a dearth of routine epidemiological data about their significance. The high prevalence of Duffy negativity provided a rationale for excluding the possibility of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) transmission. However, review of varied evidence sources including traveller infections, community prevalence surveys, local clinical case reports, entomological and serological studies contradicts this viewpoint. Here, these data reports are weighted in a unified framework to reflect the strength of evidence of indigenous Pv transmission in terms of diagnostic specificity, size of individual reports and corroboration between evidence sources. Direct evidence was reported from 21 of the 47 malaria-endemic countries studied, while 42 countries were attributed with infections of visiting travellers. Overall, moderate to conclusive evidence of transmission was available from 18 countries, distributed across all parts of the continent. Approximately 86.6 million Duffy positive hosts were at risk of infection in Africa in 2015. Analysis of the mechanisms sustaining Pv transmission across this continent of low frequency of susceptible hosts found that reports of Pv prevalence were consistent with transmission being potentially limited to Duffy positive populations. Finally, reports of apparent Duffy-independent transmission are discussed. While Pv is evidently not a major malaria parasite across most of sub-Saharan Africa, the evidence presented here highlights its widespread low-level endemicity. An increased awareness of Pv as a potential malaria parasite, coupled with policy shifts towards species-specific diagnostics and reporting, will allow a robust assessment of the public health significance of Pv, as well as the other neglected non-Pf parasites, which ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Traveller ENVELOPE(-48.533,-48.533,61.133,61.133) PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9 11 e0004222 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Rosalind E Howes Robert C Reiner Katherine E Battle Joshua Longbottom Bonnie Mappin Dariya Ordanovich Andrew J Tatem Chris Drakeley Peter W Gething Peter A Zimmerman David L Smith Simon I Hay Plasmodium vivax Transmission in Africa. |
topic_facet |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
Malaria in sub-Saharan Africa has historically been almost exclusively attributed to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Current diagnostic and surveillance systems in much of sub-Saharan Africa are not designed to identify or report non-Pf human malaria infections accurately, resulting in a dearth of routine epidemiological data about their significance. The high prevalence of Duffy negativity provided a rationale for excluding the possibility of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) transmission. However, review of varied evidence sources including traveller infections, community prevalence surveys, local clinical case reports, entomological and serological studies contradicts this viewpoint. Here, these data reports are weighted in a unified framework to reflect the strength of evidence of indigenous Pv transmission in terms of diagnostic specificity, size of individual reports and corroboration between evidence sources. Direct evidence was reported from 21 of the 47 malaria-endemic countries studied, while 42 countries were attributed with infections of visiting travellers. Overall, moderate to conclusive evidence of transmission was available from 18 countries, distributed across all parts of the continent. Approximately 86.6 million Duffy positive hosts were at risk of infection in Africa in 2015. Analysis of the mechanisms sustaining Pv transmission across this continent of low frequency of susceptible hosts found that reports of Pv prevalence were consistent with transmission being potentially limited to Duffy positive populations. Finally, reports of apparent Duffy-independent transmission are discussed. While Pv is evidently not a major malaria parasite across most of sub-Saharan Africa, the evidence presented here highlights its widespread low-level endemicity. An increased awareness of Pv as a potential malaria parasite, coupled with policy shifts towards species-specific diagnostics and reporting, will allow a robust assessment of the public health significance of Pv, as well as the other neglected non-Pf parasites, which ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Rosalind E Howes Robert C Reiner Katherine E Battle Joshua Longbottom Bonnie Mappin Dariya Ordanovich Andrew J Tatem Chris Drakeley Peter W Gething Peter A Zimmerman David L Smith Simon I Hay |
author_facet |
Rosalind E Howes Robert C Reiner Katherine E Battle Joshua Longbottom Bonnie Mappin Dariya Ordanovich Andrew J Tatem Chris Drakeley Peter W Gething Peter A Zimmerman David L Smith Simon I Hay |
author_sort |
Rosalind E Howes |
title |
Plasmodium vivax Transmission in Africa. |
title_short |
Plasmodium vivax Transmission in Africa. |
title_full |
Plasmodium vivax Transmission in Africa. |
title_fullStr |
Plasmodium vivax Transmission in Africa. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Plasmodium vivax Transmission in Africa. |
title_sort |
plasmodium vivax transmission in africa. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2015 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222 https://doaj.org/article/0022f52489fc4fafb1b27e1ecd1eb78c |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-48.533,-48.533,61.133,61.133) |
geographic |
Arctic Traveller |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Traveller |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 9, Iss 11, p e0004222 (2015) |
op_relation |
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4654493?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222 https://doaj.org/article/0022f52489fc4fafb1b27e1ecd1eb78c |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004222 |
container_title |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
container_volume |
9 |
container_issue |
11 |
container_start_page |
e0004222 |
_version_ |
1766342495060361216 |