Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Species as Vitamin C Source

• Main Author: DALKILIÇ, Zeynel
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: Turkish
• Published: Anadolu Ziraat Mühendisleri Derneği 2020
• Subjects: L-ascorbic acid,Human health,Subtropic and tropic climate fruit crops; L-askorbik asit,insan sağlığı,subtropik ve tropik iklim meyveleri; Orta; Musa; ejder
• Online Access: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uazimder/issue/57919/773571

Vitamins have a vital importance in human nutrition. From these, vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy disease. It was suggested to be consumed between at least 75 mg/person in females and 90 mg/person in males, and the most 2000 mg/person daily. The excess of it does not accumulate, but discarded. The natural form of vitamin C is L-ascorbic acid (hexuronic acid, C6H8O6, M.W.=176.12 g/L). It is a vitamin that water soluble, white, acidic, and sensitive to light. Humans cannot naturally synthesize ascorbic acid in their bodies. Therefore, ascorbic acid has to be taken daily by food sources. There is 70-83 mg in an orange and 88 mg in a grapefruit. Vitamin C has several health benefits as follows: increases body’s resistance against to microorganisms; strengthen blood veins; synthesizes 4-hydroxyproline amino acid required for making collagen in bones, joints, and veins; provides noradrenalin synthesis in the body; provides the synthesis of gall (bile) from cholesterol; is a strong antioxidant; provides the stabilization of vitamin E (tocopherol) and vitamin B9 (folic acid); provides carnitine synthesis, and contributes the transport of fatty acids. The highest amount of vitamin C containing subtropical and tropical fruit crops are relatively grouped in as follows (mg/100g): Group 1 (>600 mg/100g): acerola (Malpighia glabra) 4500, camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) 2280, kiwifruit (Actidinia chinensis) 1008; Group 2 (600-100 mg/100g): guava (Psidium guajava) 600, aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) 600, cashew apple (nut) (Anacardium occidentale) 372, persimmon (Diospyros kaki) 210, tamarind (Tamarindus indica) 202, black sapote (Diospyros nigra) 192, carambola (Averrhoa bilimbi) 183, pineapple (Ananas comosus) 165; Group 3 (100-50 mg/100g): feijoa (Acca sellowiana) 93, longan (Dimocarpus longan) 84, litchi (Litchi chinensis) 72, papaya (Carica papaya) 82, mango (Mangifera indica) 80, pomegranate (Punica granatum) 72, bael (Aegle marmelos) 60, orange (Citrus sinensis) 53, lemon (Citrus limon) 53, jamun (Syzygium cumini) 51, atemoya (Annona squamosa × A.cherimola) 50; Group 4 (<50 mg/100 g): rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) 48, sugarapple (Annona squamosa) 42, banana (Musa spp.) 36, grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) 33, plantain (Musa × paradisiaca) 31, white sapote (Casimiroa edulis) 30, passiflora (Passiflora edulis) 30, pitaya (Hylocerus undatus) 30, graviola (Annona muricata) 30, breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) 29, mandarin (Citrus reticulata) 27, durian (Durio zibethinus) 24, avocado (Persea americana) 21, chempedak (Artocarpus polyphema) 20, woodapple (Feronia elephantum) 18, cherimoya (Annona cherimola) 16, sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) 15, fig (Ficus carica) 15, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) 14, carob (Ceratonia siliqua) 8, coconut (Cocos nucifera) 3, mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) 3, loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) 3, langsat (Lansium parasiticum) 1, olive (Olea europaea) <1. Vitaminler insan beslenmesinde hayati öneme sahiptir. Bunlardan vitamin C eksikliği iskorbüt hastalığına neden olur. Kadınların en az 75 mg/kişi ve erkeklerin en az 90 mg/kişi ile en çok 2000 mg/kişi arasında günlük vitamin C alması tavsiye edilmektedir. Fazlası vücutta birikmez, atılır. İnsanlar vücutlarında doğal olarak askorbik asidi sentezleyemezler. Bu nedenle askorbik asit günlük olarak besin kaynaklarından alınmak zorundadır. Orta boy bir portakalda 70-83 mg ve altıntopta 88 mg vitamin C bulunur. Vitamin C mikroorganizmalara karşı vücudun direncini artırır; kan damarlarını sağlamlaştırır; kemikler, eklemler ve damarlardaki kollajen yapımı için gerekli olan 4-hydroxyproline amino asidini sentezler; vücutta noradrenalin sentezlenmesini sağlar; kolestrolden safra sentezlenmesini sağlar; kuvvetli antioksidandır; vitamin E (tokoferol) ve vitamin B9 (folik asit)’un kararlı hâle gelmesini sağlar; karnitin sentezini sağlar ve yağ asitlerinin taşınmasına katkıda bulunur. En fazla vitamin C (mg/100g) içeren subtropik ve tropik meyve türleri göreceli olarak şu şekilde gruplandırılabilir. 1.grup (>600 mg/100g): acerola (Malpighia glabra) 4500, kamu kamu (Myrciaria dubia) 2280, kivi (Actidinia chinensis) 1008; 2.grup (600-100 mg/100g): guava (Psidium guajava) 600, amla (Phyllanthus emblica) 600, kaju (Anacardium occidentale) 372, Trabzon hurması (Diospyros kaki) 210, demirhindi (Tamarindus indica) 202, siyah sapot (Diospyros nigra) 192, yıldız meyvesi (Averrhoa bilimbi) 183, ananas (Ananas comosus) 165; 3.grup (100-50 mg/100g): feijoa (Acca sellowiana) 93, longan (Dimocarpus longan) 84, liçi (Litchi chinensis) 72, papaya (Carica papaya) 82, mango (Mangifera indica) 80, nar (Punica granatum) 72, bel (Aegle marmelos) 60, portakal (Citrus sinensis) 53, limon (Citrus limon) 53, Java eriği (Syzygium cumini) 51, atemoya (Annona squamosa × A.cherimola) 50; 4.grup (<50 mg/100 g): rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) 48, sugarapple (Annona squamosa) 42, muz (Musa spp.) 36, altıntop (Citrus × paradisi) 33, plantain (Musa × paradisiaca) 31, beyaz sapot (Casimiroa edulis) 30, çarkıfelek meyvesi (Passiflora edulis) 30, ejder meyvesi (Hylocerus undatus) 30, graviola (Annona muricata) 30, ekmek meyvesi (Artocarpus altilis) 29, mandarin (Citrus reticulata) 27, durian (Durio zibethinus) 24, avokado (Persea americana) 21, cempedak (Artocarpus polyphema) 20, fil elması (Feronia elephantum) 18, çerimoya (Annona cherimola) 16, sapot (Manilkara zapota) 15, incir (Ficus carica) 15, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) 14, keçiboynuzu (Ceratonia siliqua) 8, Hindistan cevizi (Cocos nucifera) 3, mangostan (Garcinia mangostana) 3, yenidünya (Eriobotrya japonica) 3, langsat (Lansium parasiticum) 1, zeytin (Olea europaea) <1.