Regional variability in diving physiology and behavior in a widely distributed air-breathing marine predator, the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia)

• Main Authors: LA Hückstädt, MS Tift, F Riet-Sapriza, V Franco-Trecu, AMM Baylis, RA Orben, John Arnould, M Sepulveda, M Santos-Carvallo, JM Burns, DP Costa
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: unknown
• Published: 2016
• Subjects: Science & Technology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Aerobic dive limit; Diving; Oxygen stores; Pinniped; South America; BODY OXYGEN STORES; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; ELEPHANT SEALS; WEDDELL SEALS; BLOOD-VOLUME; FLAVESCENS; CAPACITY; JUVENILE; ECOLOGY; 060201 Behavioural Ecology; 060205 Marine and Estuarine Ecology (incl Marine Ichthyology); 060203 Ecological Physiology; 970106 Expanding Knowledge in the Biological Sciences; School of Life and Environmental Sciences; 3103 Ecology; 3109 Zoology; Uruguay; Weddell; Elephant Seals; Weddell Seals
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30084343; https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Regional_variability_in_diving_physiology_and_behavior_in_a_widely_distributed_air-breathing_marine_predator_the_South_American_sea_lion_Otaria_byronia_/20881267

Our understanding of how air-breathing marine predators cope with environmental variability is limited by our inadequate knowledge of their ecological and physiological parameters. Due to their wide distribution along both coasts of the sub-continent, South American sea lions (Otaria byronia) provide a valuable opportunity to study the behavioral and physiological plasticity of a marine predator in different environments. We measured the oxygen stores and diving behavior of South American sea lions throughout most of its range, allowing us to demonstrate that diving ability and behavior vary across its range. We found no significant differences in mass-specific blood volumes of sea lions among field sites and a negative relationship between mass-specific oxygen storage and size, which suggests that exposure to different habitats and geographical locations better explains oxygen storage capacities and diving capability in South American sea lions than body size alone. The largest animals in our study (individuals from Uruguay) were the most shallow and short duration divers, and had the lowest mass-specific total body oxygen stores, while the deepest and longest duration divers (individuals from Southern Chile) had significantly larger mass-specific oxygen stores, despite being much smaller animals. Our study suggests that the physiology of air-breathing diving predators is not fixed, but that it can be adjusted, to a certain extent, depending on the ecological setting and or habitat. These adjustments can be thought of as a “training effect” as the animal continues to push its physiological capacity through greater hypoxic exposure, its breath holding capacity increases.