Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil
Abstract Background Winter carbon loss in northern ecosystems is estimated to be greater than the average growing season carbon uptake and is primarily driven by microbial decomposers. Viruses modulate microbial carbon cycling via induced mortality and metabolic controls, but it is unknown whether v...
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ftdatacite:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006.v1 2023-05-15T14:58:03+02:00 Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil Trubl, Gareth Kimbrel, Jeffrey A. Liquet-Gonzalez, Jose Nuccio, Erin E. Weber, Peter K. Pett-Ridge, Jennifer Jansson, Janet K. Waldrop, Mark P. Blazewicz, Steven J. 2021 https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006.v1 https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Active_virus-host_interactions_at_sub-freezing_temperatures_in_Arctic_peat_soil/5668006/1 unknown figshare https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01154-2 https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode cc-by-4.0 CC-BY Microbiology FOS Biological sciences Collection article 2021 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006.v1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01154-2 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006 2021-11-05T12:55:41Z Abstract Background Winter carbon loss in northern ecosystems is estimated to be greater than the average growing season carbon uptake and is primarily driven by microbial decomposers. Viruses modulate microbial carbon cycling via induced mortality and metabolic controls, but it is unknown whether viruses are active under winter conditions (anoxic and sub-freezing temperatures). Results We used stable isotope probing (SIP) targeted metagenomics to reveal the genomic potential of active soil microbial populations under simulated winter conditions, with an emphasis on viruses and virus-host dynamics. Arctic peat soils from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site in Alaska were incubated under sub-freezing anoxic conditions with H218O or natural abundance water for 184 and 370 days. We sequenced 23 SIP-metagenomes and measured carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux throughout the experiment. We identified 46 bacterial populations (spanning 9 phyla) and 243 viral populations that actively took up 18O in soil and respired CO2 throughout the incubation. Active bacterial populations represented only a small portion of the detected microbial community and were capable of fermentation and organic matter degradation. In contrast, active viral populations represented a large portion of the detected viral community and one third were linked to active bacterial populations. We identified 86 auxiliary metabolic genes and other environmentally relevant genes. The majority of these genes were carried by active viral populations and had diverse functions such as carbon utilization and scavenging that could provide their host with a fitness advantage for utilizing much-needed carbon sources or acquiring essential nutrients. Conclusions Overall, there was a stark difference in the identity and function of the active bacterial and viral community compared to the unlabeled community that would have been overlooked with a non-targeted standard metagenomic analysis. Our results illustrate that substantial active virus-host interactions occur in sub-freezing anoxic conditions and highlight viruses as a major community-structuring agent that likely modulates carbon loss in peat soils during winter, which may be pivotal for understanding the future fate of arctic soils' vast carbon stocks. Video abstract Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Alaska DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) Arctic Bonanza ENVELOPE(-119.820,-119.820,55.917,55.917) |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) |
op_collection_id |
ftdatacite |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Microbiology FOS Biological sciences |
spellingShingle |
Microbiology FOS Biological sciences Trubl, Gareth Kimbrel, Jeffrey A. Liquet-Gonzalez, Jose Nuccio, Erin E. Weber, Peter K. Pett-Ridge, Jennifer Jansson, Janet K. Waldrop, Mark P. Blazewicz, Steven J. Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil |
topic_facet |
Microbiology FOS Biological sciences |
description |
Abstract Background Winter carbon loss in northern ecosystems is estimated to be greater than the average growing season carbon uptake and is primarily driven by microbial decomposers. Viruses modulate microbial carbon cycling via induced mortality and metabolic controls, but it is unknown whether viruses are active under winter conditions (anoxic and sub-freezing temperatures). Results We used stable isotope probing (SIP) targeted metagenomics to reveal the genomic potential of active soil microbial populations under simulated winter conditions, with an emphasis on viruses and virus-host dynamics. Arctic peat soils from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site in Alaska were incubated under sub-freezing anoxic conditions with H218O or natural abundance water for 184 and 370 days. We sequenced 23 SIP-metagenomes and measured carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux throughout the experiment. We identified 46 bacterial populations (spanning 9 phyla) and 243 viral populations that actively took up 18O in soil and respired CO2 throughout the incubation. Active bacterial populations represented only a small portion of the detected microbial community and were capable of fermentation and organic matter degradation. In contrast, active viral populations represented a large portion of the detected viral community and one third were linked to active bacterial populations. We identified 86 auxiliary metabolic genes and other environmentally relevant genes. The majority of these genes were carried by active viral populations and had diverse functions such as carbon utilization and scavenging that could provide their host with a fitness advantage for utilizing much-needed carbon sources or acquiring essential nutrients. Conclusions Overall, there was a stark difference in the identity and function of the active bacterial and viral community compared to the unlabeled community that would have been overlooked with a non-targeted standard metagenomic analysis. Our results illustrate that substantial active virus-host interactions occur in sub-freezing anoxic conditions and highlight viruses as a major community-structuring agent that likely modulates carbon loss in peat soils during winter, which may be pivotal for understanding the future fate of arctic soils' vast carbon stocks. Video abstract |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Trubl, Gareth Kimbrel, Jeffrey A. Liquet-Gonzalez, Jose Nuccio, Erin E. Weber, Peter K. Pett-Ridge, Jennifer Jansson, Janet K. Waldrop, Mark P. Blazewicz, Steven J. |
author_facet |
Trubl, Gareth Kimbrel, Jeffrey A. Liquet-Gonzalez, Jose Nuccio, Erin E. Weber, Peter K. Pett-Ridge, Jennifer Jansson, Janet K. Waldrop, Mark P. Blazewicz, Steven J. |
author_sort |
Trubl, Gareth |
title |
Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil |
title_short |
Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil |
title_full |
Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil |
title_fullStr |
Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil |
title_full_unstemmed |
Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil |
title_sort |
active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in arctic peat soil |
publisher |
figshare |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006.v1 https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Active_virus-host_interactions_at_sub-freezing_temperatures_in_Arctic_peat_soil/5668006/1 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-119.820,-119.820,55.917,55.917) |
geographic |
Arctic Bonanza |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Bonanza |
genre |
Arctic Alaska |
genre_facet |
Arctic Alaska |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01154-2 https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006 |
op_rights |
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode cc-by-4.0 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006.v1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01154-2 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5668006 |
_version_ |
1766330142769020928 |