Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition
Abstract Background The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer), an ectoparasitic copepod with a complex life cycle causes significant losses in salmon aquaculture. Pesticide treatments against the parasite raise environmental concerns and their efficacy is gradually decreasing. Improvement of...
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Online Access: | https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4845492 https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Gene_expression_analyses_of_immune_responses_in_Atlantic_salmon_during_early_stages_of_infection_by_salmon_louse_Lepeophtheirus_salmonis_revealed_bi-phasic_responses_coinciding_with_the_copepod-chalimus_transition/4845492 |
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ftdatacite:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4845492 2023-05-15T15:32:10+02:00 Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition Tariku Markos Tadiso Krasnov, Aleksei Skugor, Stanko Afanasyev, Sergey Hordvik, Ivar Nilsen, Frank 2020 https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4845492 https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Gene_expression_analyses_of_immune_responses_in_Atlantic_salmon_during_early_stages_of_infection_by_salmon_louse_Lepeophtheirus_salmonis_revealed_bi-phasic_responses_coinciding_with_the_copepod-chalimus_transition/4845492 unknown figshare https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-141 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode cc-by-4.0 CC-BY Genetics FOS Biological sciences Immunology FOS Clinical medicine Collection article 2020 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4845492 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-141 2021-11-05T12:55:41Z Abstract Background The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer), an ectoparasitic copepod with a complex life cycle causes significant losses in salmon aquaculture. Pesticide treatments against the parasite raise environmental concerns and their efficacy is gradually decreasing. Improvement of fish resistance to lice, through biological control methods, needs better understanding of the protective mechanisms. We used a 21 k oligonucleotide microarray and RT-qPCR to examine the time-course of immune gene expression changes in salmon skin, spleen, and head kidney during the first 15 days after challenge, which encompassed the copepod and chalimus stages of lice development. Results Large scale and highly complex transcriptome responses were found already one day after infection (dpi). Many genes showed bi-phasic expression profiles with abrupt changes between 5 and 10 dpi (the copepod-chalimus transitions); the greatest fluctuations (up- and down-regulation) were seen in a large group of secretory splenic proteases with unknown roles. Rapid sensing was witnessed with induction of genes involved in innate immunity including lectins and enzymes of eicosanoid metabolism in skin and acute phase proteins in spleen. Transient (1-5 dpi) increase of T-cell receptor alpha, CD4-1, and possible regulators of lymphocyte differentiation suggested recruitment of T-cells of unidentified lineage to the skin. After 5 dpi the magnitude of transcriptomic responses decreased markedly in skin. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in all studied organs suggested establishment of a chronic inflammatory status. Up-regulation of putative lymphocyte G0/G1 switch proteins in spleen at 5 dpi, immunoglobulins at 15 dpi; and increase of IgM and IgT transcripts in skin indicated an onset of adaptive humoral immune responses, whereas MHCI appeared to be down-regulated. Conclusions Atlantic salmon develops rapid local and systemic reactions to L. salmonis, which, however, do not result in substantial level of protection. The dramatic changes observed after 5 dpi can be associated with metamorphosis of copepod, immune modulation by the parasite, or transition from innate to adaptive immune responses. Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) |
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Open Polar |
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DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) |
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language |
unknown |
topic |
Genetics FOS Biological sciences Immunology FOS Clinical medicine |
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Genetics FOS Biological sciences Immunology FOS Clinical medicine Tariku Markos Tadiso Krasnov, Aleksei Skugor, Stanko Afanasyev, Sergey Hordvik, Ivar Nilsen, Frank Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition |
topic_facet |
Genetics FOS Biological sciences Immunology FOS Clinical medicine |
description |
Abstract Background The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer), an ectoparasitic copepod with a complex life cycle causes significant losses in salmon aquaculture. Pesticide treatments against the parasite raise environmental concerns and their efficacy is gradually decreasing. Improvement of fish resistance to lice, through biological control methods, needs better understanding of the protective mechanisms. We used a 21 k oligonucleotide microarray and RT-qPCR to examine the time-course of immune gene expression changes in salmon skin, spleen, and head kidney during the first 15 days after challenge, which encompassed the copepod and chalimus stages of lice development. Results Large scale and highly complex transcriptome responses were found already one day after infection (dpi). Many genes showed bi-phasic expression profiles with abrupt changes between 5 and 10 dpi (the copepod-chalimus transitions); the greatest fluctuations (up- and down-regulation) were seen in a large group of secretory splenic proteases with unknown roles. Rapid sensing was witnessed with induction of genes involved in innate immunity including lectins and enzymes of eicosanoid metabolism in skin and acute phase proteins in spleen. Transient (1-5 dpi) increase of T-cell receptor alpha, CD4-1, and possible regulators of lymphocyte differentiation suggested recruitment of T-cells of unidentified lineage to the skin. After 5 dpi the magnitude of transcriptomic responses decreased markedly in skin. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in all studied organs suggested establishment of a chronic inflammatory status. Up-regulation of putative lymphocyte G0/G1 switch proteins in spleen at 5 dpi, immunoglobulins at 15 dpi; and increase of IgM and IgT transcripts in skin indicated an onset of adaptive humoral immune responses, whereas MHCI appeared to be down-regulated. Conclusions Atlantic salmon develops rapid local and systemic reactions to L. salmonis, which, however, do not result in substantial level of protection. The dramatic changes observed after 5 dpi can be associated with metamorphosis of copepod, immune modulation by the parasite, or transition from innate to adaptive immune responses. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Tariku Markos Tadiso Krasnov, Aleksei Skugor, Stanko Afanasyev, Sergey Hordvik, Ivar Nilsen, Frank |
author_facet |
Tariku Markos Tadiso Krasnov, Aleksei Skugor, Stanko Afanasyev, Sergey Hordvik, Ivar Nilsen, Frank |
author_sort |
Tariku Markos Tadiso |
title |
Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition |
title_short |
Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition |
title_full |
Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition |
title_fullStr |
Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition |
title_full_unstemmed |
Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition |
title_sort |
gene expression analyses of immune responses in atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi-phasic responses coinciding with the copepod-chalimus transition |
publisher |
figshare |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4845492 https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Gene_expression_analyses_of_immune_responses_in_Atlantic_salmon_during_early_stages_of_infection_by_salmon_louse_Lepeophtheirus_salmonis_revealed_bi-phasic_responses_coinciding_with_the_copepod-chalimus_transition/4845492 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-141 |
op_rights |
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode cc-by-4.0 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4845492 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-141 |
_version_ |
1766362678775775232 |