Effective cleaning of rust stained marble
Abstract Background Calcareous materials, like marble used in connection with cultural heritage objects such as statues and pedestals, or as wall facings on buildings, often show a brownish staining owing to contact with iron metal or iron-containing minerals in the stone. The discolouration alters...
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ftdatacite:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3696733 2023-05-15T16:31:11+02:00 Effective cleaning of rust stained marble Spile, Sanne Suzuki, Takayoshi Bendix, Jesper Simonsen, Kim 2016 https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3696733 https://figshare.com/collections/Effective_cleaning_of_rust_stained_marble/3696733 unknown Figshare https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40494-016-0081-6 CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC-BY Biochemistry Neuroscience Physiology FOS Biological sciences Inorganic Chemistry FOS Chemical sciences Collection article 2016 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3696733 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-016-0081-6 2021-11-05T12:55:41Z Abstract Background Calcareous materials, like marble used in connection with cultural heritage objects such as statues and pedestals, or as wall facings on buildings, often show a brownish staining owing to contact with iron metal or iron-containing minerals in the stone. The discolouration alters the appearance of the stone, which is undesirable from an aesthetic point of view. Despite rust staining being a conspicuous phenomenon and numerous works that have dealt with the problem of removing rust stains, a simple and non-toxic method has so far been missing. This paper describes a highly efficient method for cleaning rust stains from marble by introducing the chelating amino acid cysteine in a Laponite poultice in combination with the strong reducing agent sodium dithionite. Results Cleaning experiments were performed on artificially discoloured samples of various types of Carrara Bianco marble and on naturally rust stained marble. To begin with, solutions of cysteine in combination with sodium dithionite and ammonium carbonate were tested by immersion of samples into the different solutions. Secondly, solutions of cysteine and sodium dithionite with and without buffering were used in a poultice consisting of Laponite® RD, Arbocel® BC1000 and CMC. The poultice was applied on three different marble types: Carrara Fabricotti, Carrara Vagli and Carrara La Piana. Thirdly, the optimized method was tested on original rust stained material of Greenlandic marble, which has been used as wall facing, and finally in situ in Copenhagen on a larger area of The Marble Church showing rust stains due to pyrite oxidation. The cleaning results were evaluated by visual observations, cross sections, and etching of the surface by testing on high gloss marble. Conclusion Cleaning of iron-discoloured marble surfaces has been investigated and a new method for removal of rust stained marble has been developed. A solution of 0.1 M cysteine and 0.1 M sodium dithionite in a poultice consisting of Laponite® RD/Arbocel® BC1000/CMC = 10:10:1 has shown to be a fast, simple, cheap, and non-toxic, do-it-yourself method. Graphical abstract Cleaning of naturally stained marble. Cleaning experiment of naturally stained Greenlandic marble showing a cleaned and an uncleaned area. The piece at the right shows the poultice after removal. Height of sample: c. 16 cm. Cleaning solution: 0.1 M cys + 0.1 M SD Article in Journal/Newspaper greenlandic DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) Carrara ENVELOPE(-71.458,-71.458,-74.891,-74.891) |
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collection |
DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) |
op_collection_id |
ftdatacite |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Biochemistry Neuroscience Physiology FOS Biological sciences Inorganic Chemistry FOS Chemical sciences |
spellingShingle |
Biochemistry Neuroscience Physiology FOS Biological sciences Inorganic Chemistry FOS Chemical sciences Spile, Sanne Suzuki, Takayoshi Bendix, Jesper Simonsen, Kim Effective cleaning of rust stained marble |
topic_facet |
Biochemistry Neuroscience Physiology FOS Biological sciences Inorganic Chemistry FOS Chemical sciences |
description |
Abstract Background Calcareous materials, like marble used in connection with cultural heritage objects such as statues and pedestals, or as wall facings on buildings, often show a brownish staining owing to contact with iron metal or iron-containing minerals in the stone. The discolouration alters the appearance of the stone, which is undesirable from an aesthetic point of view. Despite rust staining being a conspicuous phenomenon and numerous works that have dealt with the problem of removing rust stains, a simple and non-toxic method has so far been missing. This paper describes a highly efficient method for cleaning rust stains from marble by introducing the chelating amino acid cysteine in a Laponite poultice in combination with the strong reducing agent sodium dithionite. Results Cleaning experiments were performed on artificially discoloured samples of various types of Carrara Bianco marble and on naturally rust stained marble. To begin with, solutions of cysteine in combination with sodium dithionite and ammonium carbonate were tested by immersion of samples into the different solutions. Secondly, solutions of cysteine and sodium dithionite with and without buffering were used in a poultice consisting of Laponite® RD, Arbocel® BC1000 and CMC. The poultice was applied on three different marble types: Carrara Fabricotti, Carrara Vagli and Carrara La Piana. Thirdly, the optimized method was tested on original rust stained material of Greenlandic marble, which has been used as wall facing, and finally in situ in Copenhagen on a larger area of The Marble Church showing rust stains due to pyrite oxidation. The cleaning results were evaluated by visual observations, cross sections, and etching of the surface by testing on high gloss marble. Conclusion Cleaning of iron-discoloured marble surfaces has been investigated and a new method for removal of rust stained marble has been developed. A solution of 0.1 M cysteine and 0.1 M sodium dithionite in a poultice consisting of Laponite® RD/Arbocel® BC1000/CMC = 10:10:1 has shown to be a fast, simple, cheap, and non-toxic, do-it-yourself method. Graphical abstract Cleaning of naturally stained marble. Cleaning experiment of naturally stained Greenlandic marble showing a cleaned and an uncleaned area. The piece at the right shows the poultice after removal. Height of sample: c. 16 cm. Cleaning solution: 0.1 M cys + 0.1 M SD |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Spile, Sanne Suzuki, Takayoshi Bendix, Jesper Simonsen, Kim |
author_facet |
Spile, Sanne Suzuki, Takayoshi Bendix, Jesper Simonsen, Kim |
author_sort |
Spile, Sanne |
title |
Effective cleaning of rust stained marble |
title_short |
Effective cleaning of rust stained marble |
title_full |
Effective cleaning of rust stained marble |
title_fullStr |
Effective cleaning of rust stained marble |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effective cleaning of rust stained marble |
title_sort |
effective cleaning of rust stained marble |
publisher |
Figshare |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3696733 https://figshare.com/collections/Effective_cleaning_of_rust_stained_marble/3696733 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-71.458,-71.458,-74.891,-74.891) |
geographic |
Carrara |
geographic_facet |
Carrara |
genre |
greenlandic |
genre_facet |
greenlandic |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40494-016-0081-6 |
op_rights |
CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3696733 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-016-0081-6 |
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1766020950361374720 |