Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters
Ostracoderms are a paraphyletic group of extinct jawless fishes comprising the gnathostome stem and are fundamental to our understanding of early vertebrate evolution. However, only a handful of these clades have robust phylogenies in place, hindering our interpretation of early vertebrate histories...
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2016
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ftdatacite:10.6084/m9.figshare.3492941 2023-05-15T18:44:21+02:00 Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters Randle, Emma Sansom, Robert S. 2016 https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3492941 https://tandf.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Exploring_phylogenetic_relationships_of_Pteraspidiformes_heterostracans_stem-gnathostomes_using_continuous_and_discrete_characters/3492941 unknown Taylor & Francis https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1208293 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode cc-by-4.0 CC-BY Evolutionary Biology FOS Biological sciences 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified FOS Earth and related environmental sciences Ecology 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified FOS Mathematics dataset Dataset 2016 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3492941 https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1208293 2021-11-05T12:55:41Z Ostracoderms are a paraphyletic group of extinct jawless fishes comprising the gnathostome stem and are fundamental to our understanding of early vertebrate evolution. However, only a handful of these clades have robust phylogenies in place, hindering our interpretation of early vertebrate histories. A new phylogeny is proposed for the Pteraspidiformes – the largest and most-studied clade of heterostracan ostracoderms. Difficulties such as large amounts of missing data and the limited morphological variability within the group have led us to explore different coding strategies such as the inclusion of quantitative data and implied weighting. We present a new comprehensive data set including all described genera of Pteraspidiformes (47 taxa) analysed using discrete characters only, a combination of discrete and continuous characters, and gap-coding strategies (transforming the continuous into discrete characters), along with a Bayesian analysis. Two representatives of the Psammosteidae ( Drepanaspis and Psammosteus ) are also incorporated within the analysis to elucidate their inclusiveness within the Pteraspidiformes. Well-resolved trees are only achieved under re-weighted (implied weighting) analyses. Here, we show that many ‘classic’ Pteraspidiformes clades hold true under our different coding methods, with the implied weighting of discrete characters and inclusion of continuous characters giving very similar topologies. In all instances, the Psammosteidae are found to belong within the Pteraspidiformes, nested with the Spitsbergen genera Doryaspis , Xylaspis and Woodfjordaspis . Gap coding, however, results in a different tree topology to other analyses, perhaps due to the high sensitivity to missing data. Our results indicate that careful consideration and justifications should be applied to quantitative characters when reconstructing relationships of homoplastic ostracoderms. Superfamily Doryaspidae superfam. nov. is introduced. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BF5255A1-1417-432B-AC64-BF132A0BCC65 Dataset Woodfjord* Spitsbergen DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) |
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Open Polar |
collection |
DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) |
op_collection_id |
ftdatacite |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Evolutionary Biology FOS Biological sciences 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified FOS Earth and related environmental sciences Ecology 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified FOS Mathematics |
spellingShingle |
Evolutionary Biology FOS Biological sciences 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified FOS Earth and related environmental sciences Ecology 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified FOS Mathematics Randle, Emma Sansom, Robert S. Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters |
topic_facet |
Evolutionary Biology FOS Biological sciences 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified FOS Earth and related environmental sciences Ecology 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified FOS Mathematics |
description |
Ostracoderms are a paraphyletic group of extinct jawless fishes comprising the gnathostome stem and are fundamental to our understanding of early vertebrate evolution. However, only a handful of these clades have robust phylogenies in place, hindering our interpretation of early vertebrate histories. A new phylogeny is proposed for the Pteraspidiformes – the largest and most-studied clade of heterostracan ostracoderms. Difficulties such as large amounts of missing data and the limited morphological variability within the group have led us to explore different coding strategies such as the inclusion of quantitative data and implied weighting. We present a new comprehensive data set including all described genera of Pteraspidiformes (47 taxa) analysed using discrete characters only, a combination of discrete and continuous characters, and gap-coding strategies (transforming the continuous into discrete characters), along with a Bayesian analysis. Two representatives of the Psammosteidae ( Drepanaspis and Psammosteus ) are also incorporated within the analysis to elucidate their inclusiveness within the Pteraspidiformes. Well-resolved trees are only achieved under re-weighted (implied weighting) analyses. Here, we show that many ‘classic’ Pteraspidiformes clades hold true under our different coding methods, with the implied weighting of discrete characters and inclusion of continuous characters giving very similar topologies. In all instances, the Psammosteidae are found to belong within the Pteraspidiformes, nested with the Spitsbergen genera Doryaspis , Xylaspis and Woodfjordaspis . Gap coding, however, results in a different tree topology to other analyses, perhaps due to the high sensitivity to missing data. Our results indicate that careful consideration and justifications should be applied to quantitative characters when reconstructing relationships of homoplastic ostracoderms. Superfamily Doryaspidae superfam. nov. is introduced. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BF5255A1-1417-432B-AC64-BF132A0BCC65 |
format |
Dataset |
author |
Randle, Emma Sansom, Robert S. |
author_facet |
Randle, Emma Sansom, Robert S. |
author_sort |
Randle, Emma |
title |
Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters |
title_short |
Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters |
title_full |
Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters |
title_fullStr |
Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters |
title_full_unstemmed |
Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters |
title_sort |
exploring phylogenetic relationships of pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters |
publisher |
Taylor & Francis |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3492941 https://tandf.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Exploring_phylogenetic_relationships_of_Pteraspidiformes_heterostracans_stem-gnathostomes_using_continuous_and_discrete_characters/3492941 |
genre |
Woodfjord* Spitsbergen |
genre_facet |
Woodfjord* Spitsbergen |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1208293 |
op_rights |
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode cc-by-4.0 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3492941 https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1208293 |
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1766235009588396032 |