Proceraea prismatica O.F. Muller 1776

• Main Author: Nygren, Arne
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2004
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Annelida; Polychaeta; Phyllodocida; Syllidae; Proceraea; Proceraea prismatica; Arctic; Canada; Greenland; Pacific; Norway; British Columbia; Edith; Conseil; Benedict; Malmgren; Treadwell; Gronland; Nygren; Antarktis*; Barrow; Faroes; Iceland; Kamchatka; North Atlantic; Pacific Arctic; Point Barrow; Zooplankton; Alaska; Spitsbergen
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6273193; https://zenodo.org/record/6273193

Proceraea prismatica (O.F. Müller, 1776) (Fig. 26 A–E) Nereis prismatica O.F. Müller, 1776: 218; Fabricius 1780: 302 –303.? Nereis bifrons O.F. Müller, 1776: 218; Fabricius 1780: 303 –304. Amytis prismatica Savigny 1822: 46; Grube 1850: 311; Quatrefages 1866: 77. Nereisyllis prismatica Blainville 1828: 473. Polybostrichus longosetosus Örsted, 1843: 31 –32, figs 62, 67, 71. Polybostrychus longisetosus Grube 1850: 311. Polybostrichus longosetus Quatrefages 1866: 72. Autolytus incertus Malmgren, 1867: 35 –36, plate 6, fig. 40 A–E. Proceraea gracilis Verrill, 1874 a: 132; 1874 b: 361, pl. 3, fig. 2; Webster & Benedict 1887: 723 – 724; Treadwell 1948: 30. Autolytus prismaticus Chamberlin 1920: 12 B; Berkeley 1923: 209 –210; Wesenberg­Lund 1947: 24 –30, figs 10–12; 1950: 50–51, fig. 13 D; 1953: 38–39; Chlebovitch 1962: 169 –171, fig. 2; Pettibone 1954: 249 –252, fig. 29 A–B; 1963: 139–141, fig. 37 D; Imajima 1963: 352, pl. 12, fig. 12; Imajima & Hartman 1964: 99 –100, fig. 21 A–G. Autolytus aurantiacus Berkeley & Berkeley 1938: 48. Autolytus trilineatus Berkeley and Berkeley, 1945: 318 –320, fig. 1 A–B; 1948: 69–70, fig. 100; Pettibone 1967: 5. Proceraea prismatica Hamond 1967: 1 –4,fig. 3 A–C; Hartmann­Schröder 1971: 184 –186, fig. 59 E– I; Hamond 1972: 344; 1974; Kirkegaard 1992: 257 –259, fig. 127 A–E; Hartmann­Schröder 1996: 190 –191, fig. 82 A–E; Nygren & Sundberg 2003: GenBank sequences, 16 S rDNA partial sequence AF 474265, and 18 S rDNA partial sequence AF 474311. Autolytus (Proceraea) trilineatus Banse 1972: 197 –198, fig. 3 A–C. Not Autolytus prismaticus Thorson 1946: 39 –40 (= Proceraea cornuta ) Material examined . Norway : holotype of Autolytus incertus SMNH 2439, Spitsbergen, Whalers point, 77 ° 35 'N 20 ° 5 'E, Aug 1864. USA : holotype of Proceraea gracilis YPM 24230, Jul 1874; holotype of Autolytus trilineatus USNM 32881, New Castle Island, Nanaimo, British Columbia, 18 Jun 1943. Iceland : 4 spms, Breidafjördur, 65 °N 23 °W, dredge, 50 m, 15 Jul 1991; 1 spm in author's collection for DNA analyses, 64 ° 15.5 'N 22 °01.7'W, dredge, 40 m, 26 Jun 1999. Faroes : 1 spm (rear end in author's collection for DNA analyses), South of Vagar, 61 ° 56.8 'N 6 ° 59.5 'W, triangle­dregde, 76–78 m, bedrock, gravel, hydroids, 27 Jun 1997; 1 spm (rear end in author's collection for DNA analyses), East of Bordøy, 62 °04.2'N 6 ° 33.8 'W, triangle dredge, 57–58 m, shellgravel, 4 Jul 1997. Diagnosis . Proceraea with 3 longitudinal black lines. Description . Length 12.5–17 mm for 57–75 chaetigers, width 0.4–0.55 mm. Live specimens white, with 3 longitudinal black lines along most of body; one line at each side of body and one middorsal; eyes dark red. Lines fades in preserved material, but are sometimes retained. Ciliation present on prostomium, nuchal epaulettes, and a few segments ventrally. Eyes confluent (Fig. 26 A, B); eye spots present (Fig. 26 B). Palps in dorsal view projecting 1 / 4 – 1 / 3 of prostomial length, fused. Extension of nuchal epaulettes to beginning of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 26 A). Median antenna reaching chaetiger 12–14 (n= 2). Lateral antennae and dorsal tentacular cirri, length 1 / 2 of median antenna. Ventral tentacular cirri 1 / 2 as long as dorsal pair. First dorsal cirri as long as or 2 / 3 of median antenna, second dorsal cirri as long as tentacular cirri. From chaetiger 1–27 cirri with usual alternation in direction, followed by 4 DDUU­groups, and 3–4 DDU­groups (n= 2). Dorsal cirri from chaetiger 3, of equal length, 2 / 3 or equal to body width. Cirrophores on tentacular segment and first dorsal cirri present; cirrophores otherwise absent. All appendages cylindrical. Parapodial lobes rounded conical, small. Anterior chaetigers with 2–3 aciculae, 1 in median and posterior. Chaetal fascicle with 10–13 compounds in anterior chaetigers, 5–10 in median and posterior. Compound chaetae with small distal tooth (Fig. 26 D) in anterior chaetigers, more posterior with larger terminal tooth, still somewhat smaller than subdistal tooth; serration present. Single thick bayonet chaetae (Fig. 26 E), beginning between chaetiger 7–25 (n= 4). Pharynx with 1 sinuation anterior and lateral to anterior half of proventricle (Fig. 26 B). Trepan in chaetiger 1–2, with 18 unequal teeth, 9 large and 9 smaller (Fig. 26 C); 1 large alternating with 1 small, arranged in 2 rings. Basal ring present; infradental spines absent (Fig. 26 C). Proventricle equal in length to 2.5 segments in chaetiger 6–9 (Fig. 26 B) with 31–32 rows of muscle cells (n= 4). Anal cirri equal in length to body width at level of proventricle. Reproduction . Schizogamy by anterior scissiparity. Two specimens with developing stolons behind chaetiger 13. Stolons found from February to December (Malmgren 1867; Chamberlin 1920; Berkeley 1923; Wesenberg­Lund 1947; Pettibone 1963; Hamond 1974). Morphology of epitokous stages . Male . No mature stolons examined. Örsted (1843), Wesenberg­Lund (1947), Pettibone (1963), and Hamond (1967; 1974) provide information on stolon morphology. Length c. 10 mm for 6 +(23–35)+(21–30) chaetigers (Wesenberg­Lund 1947; Pettibone 1963). Information on colour pattern lacking. Median antenna reaching chaetiger 9–14 (Wesenberg­Lund 1947; Hamond 1967). Lateral bifid antennae, basal part 1 / 2 of total length, its rami of about equal length. Frontal processes present. Tentacular cirri 2 pairs (Wesenberg­Lund 1947). First dorsal cirri, longer than median antenna (Wesenberg­Lund 1947); achaetous knobs present (Hamond 1974). Cirri in region a reciprocally equal, slightly longer than cirri in region b, cirri in region c much shorter (Wesenberg­Lund 1947: fig. 12). Cirri in region a fusiform (Örsted 1843: fig. 62; Wesenberg­Lund 1947: fig. 12), cirri in region b cylindrical. Female . Based on holotype of Autolytus incertus . Length 8 mm for 6 + 19 + 24 chaetigers width in region a 0.4 mm, width in region b 0.8 mm. Pettibone (1954) gives these measurements: 9 mm for 6 + 18 + 34 chaetigers. Preserved material without colour markings, live specimens with same colour pattern as in atokes (Pettibone 1954). Ciliation not assessed. Prostomium with straight anterior margin. Nuchal epaulettes triangular, reaching half of chaetiger 1. Median antenna reaching chaetiger 4–5. Lateral antennae and first pair of dorsal cirri, equal in length to median antenna. Tentacular cirri 2 pairs, dorsal pair 2 / 3 in length of median antenna, ventral pair 1 / 3 in length of dorsal pair. First dorsal cirri, equal in length to dorsal tentacular cirri; achaetous knobs present. Cirri in region a, equal to body width; cirri in region b longer than in region a, equal to body width; cirri in region c successively shorter towards the end, c. 1 / 3 of body width. Small indistinct tentacular cirrophores, cirrophores on all dorsal cirri, except in posterior part of region c, present. All appendages cylindrical. Region a and b with 2 neuropodial aciculae; 3 anterodorsal, and 6–7 posteroventral notopodial aciculae in region b. Neuropodial chaetal fascicle with c. 10 compound chaetae. Notopodial chaetal fascicle with c. 20 swimming chaetae. Anal cirri lost. Habitat . Hydroids, gravel, sublittoral. Distribution . North Atlantic, North Pacific, Arctic. Remarks . Proceraea prismatica is unique in having 3 black lines, other Proceraea with longitudinal lines have either 2 or 4 lines. Preserved specimens might be difficult to separate from similar taxa with the same length in nuchal epaulettes. Molecular data suggests that its closest relative is Proceraea hanssoni n. sp. (Nygren & Sundberg 2003). The suggested synonomy of Polybostrichus longosetosus is concluded from literature, synonymy of Autolytus incertus , Proceraea gracilis , and A. trilineatus is based on examination of type material. Proceraea rubroproventriculata Nygren & Gidholm, 2001 (Fig. 27 A–E) Proceraea rubroproventriculata Nygren & Gidholm, 2001: 184 –187, figs 2 D–E, 5 A–E, 6 A–D, 7; Nygren & Sundberg 2003: GenBank sequences, 16 S rDNA partial sequence AF 474276, and 18 S rDNA partial sequence AF 474322. Material examined . USA : holotype (LACM­POLY 1964), 1 paratype (LACM­AHF POLY 1965), and additional 4 spms (2 mounted for SEM), Florida, Key Biscayne, Crandon marina, 25 ° 43.4 'N, 80 ° 10.4 'W, orange sponge, 0.5 m, 11 Mars 1971; 1 spm, Florida, Biscayne bay, 25 ° 31–34 ’N, 80 ° 12.3 'W, Porites and small sponges Haliclona viridis , 1 m, 22 Feb 1971. Brazil : 1 spm mounted for SEM, 4 spms on slides, 4 spms in author's collection for DNA analyses and 1 additional spm, Baía de Paranaguá, west Ihla do Mel, 25 ° 34.55 'S, 48 ° 19.19 'W, dive, 10 m, boulders with epifaunal mat, 15 Aug 1998. Diagnosis . Proceraea with anterior and posterior third of proventricle orange­red, and with 12 + 12 teeth in trepan. Description . Length 4.2–10.7 mm for 35–53 chaetigers, width 0.2–0.25 mm. Live specimens without colour markings, transparent to weakly brownish or orange­red in anterior part, especially laterally; anterior and posterior part of proventricle red (Fig. 27 A); parapodial bases in Brazilian specimens with 3 or 4 red spots in a transverse row; eyes red. Preserved material without colours. Ciliation present on prostomium, nuchal epaulettes, and a few segments ventrally. Eyes confluent (Fig. 27 A); eye spots present. Palps in dorsal view projecting 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 of prostomial length (Fig. 27 A), fused. Nuchal epaulettes extending over tentacular segment (Fig. 27 A). Median antenna reaching chaetiger 13–16 (n= 4). Lateral antennae and dorsal tentacular cirri, length 1 / 2 – 2 / 3 of median antenna. Ventral tentacular cirri 1 / 2 as long as dorsal pair. First dorsal cirri as long as median antenna, second dorsal cirri as long as ventral tentacular cirri. Alternation in direction of cirri not assessed. Dorsal cirri from chaetiger 3, of equal length, 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 of body width (Fig. 27 A). Cirrophores on tentacular segment and first dorsal cirri present; cirrophores otherwise absent. All appendages cylindrical. Parapodial lobes rounded conical, small. Anterior chaetigers with 2 aciculae, 1 in median and posterior. Chaetal fascicle with 6–9 compounds in anterior chaetigers, 4–5 in median and posterior. Compound chaetae with small distal tooth in anterior 5 chaetigers (Fig. 27 C), more posterior with large distal tooth (Fig. 27 D); serration present. Single thick bayonet chaetae (Fig. 27 E), beginning between chaetiger 1–15. Pharynx with 1 or 2 sinuations anterior and lateral to proventricle (Fig. 27 A). Trepan in chaetiger 2–3 (Fig. 27 A), with 24 unequal teeth (Fig. 27 B), 12 large and 12 smaller, 1 large alternating with 1 small, arranged in 2 rings. Basal ring present; infradental spines absent (Fig. 27 B). Proventricle equal in length to 2–3 segments in chaetiger 7–9 with 30– 34 rows of muscle cells (n= 4). Anal cirri equal in length to body width. Reproduction . Unknown Habitat . Among hydroids and sponges. 1–10 m depths. Distribution . West Atlantic from Florida, USA to Baía de Paranaguá, Brazil. Remarks . Live specimens are easily recognized by the colour of the proventricle; this colour, however do not preserve. It is most similar to P. paraurantiaca , P. filiformis and P. misakiensis , but may be separated from these taxa on its trepan with 12 + 12 teeth. : Published as part of Nygren, Arne, 2004, Revision of Autolytinae (Syllidae: Polychaeta)., pp. 1-314 in Zootaxa 680 on pages 71-75, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.157809 : {"references": ["Muller, O. F. (1776) Zoologicae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium. Havniae.", "Fabricius, O. (1780) Fauna Groenlandica, systematice sistens, Animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis hactenus indagata, quoad nomen specificum, triviale, vernaculumque; synonyma auctorum plurium, descriptionem, locum, victum, generationem, mores, usum, capturamque singuli, prout detegendi occasio fuit, maximaque parte secundum proprias observationes. Hafniae et Lipsiae.", "Savigny, J. C. (1822) Systeme des annelides, principalement de celles des cotes de l'Egypte et de la Syrie. In: Savigny, M. J. L. (Ed) Description de l'Egypte, Histoire Naturelle, Paris, vol 1, 1 - 128.", "Grube, A. E. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 16, 249 - 364.", "Quatrefages, A. (1866) Histoire naturelle des Anneles marins et d'eau douce. Annelides et Gephyriens. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris.", "Blainville, H. (1828) Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differens etres de la nature, consideres soit en eux-memes, d'apres l'etat actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement a l'utilite qu'en peuvent retirer la medicine, l'agriculture, le commerce et les arts. Suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. FG Levrault, Strasbourg and Paris.", "Orsted, A. S. (1843) Gronlands Annulata dorsibranchiata. Konglige Danske Videnskabsselskabs Naturvidenskablige og Mathematiske Afhandlinger, 10, 1 - 64.", "Malmgren, A. J. (1867) Annulata polychaeta Spetsbergiae, Gronlandiae, Islandiae et Scandinaviae hactenus cognita. Ofversigt af kongliga vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar nr. 4. Ex Officina Frenckelliana, Helsingfors.", "Verrill, A. E. (1874 a) Results of recent dredging expeditions on the coast of New England. American Journal of Science and Arts, 7, 131 - 138.", "Webster, H. E. & Benedict, J. E. (1887) The Annelida Chaetopoda from Eastport, Maine. The Annual Report of theCommissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1885, 707 - 755.", "Treadwell, A. L. (1948) Canadian Atlantic Fauna, 9. Annelida, 9 b. Polychaeta. Fisheries research board of Canada, Toronto.", "Chamberlin, R. V. (1920) Annelids, parasitic worms, protozoans, etc. Part B: Polychaeta. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913 - 18, volume 9. Thomas Mulvey, Ottawa.", "Berkeley, E. (1923) Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. 1. Syllidae to Sigalionidae. Contribution to Canadian Biology, Ottawa, 1, 205 - 218.", "Wesenberg-Lund, E. (1947) Syllidae (Polychaeta) from Greenland waters. Meddelelser om Gronland, 134, 1 - 38.", "Chlebovitch, V. V. (1962) Pelagic larval stages of polychaetes collected by nightlight in the region of the Kunite Islands [in Russian]. Issledovaniya dal'nevostochnykh Morei SSSR, 8, 167 - 180.", "Pettibone, M. H. (1954) Marine polychaete worms from Point Barrow, Alaska, with additional records from the North Atlantic and North Pacific. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 103, 203 - 356.", "Imajima, M. (1963) Polychaetous annelids collected off the west coast of Kamchatka. 2. Notes on species found in the collection of 1959. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 11, 345 - 372.", "Imajima, M. & Hartman, O. (1964) The polychaetous annelids of Japan part 1. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications. Occasional Paper, 26, 1 - 237.", "Berkeley, E. & Berkeley, C. (1938) Notes on Polychaeta from the coast of western Canada. 2. Syllidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1, 33 - 49.", "Berkeley, E. & Berkeley, C. (1945) Notes on Polychaeta from the coast of western Canada. 3. Further notes on Syllidae and some observations on other Polychaeta errantia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12, 316 - 335.", "Pettibone, M. H. (1967) Type-specimens of polychaetes described by Edith and Cyril Berkeley (1923 - 1964). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 119, 1 - 23.", "Hamond, R. (1967) Zooplankton, Polychaeta. Family: Syllidae, Sub-family: Autolytinae. Conseil permanent international pour l'exploration de la mer, 113, 1 - 4.", "Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1971) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.", "Hamond, R. (1972) The non-polychaetous annelids of Norfolk, England, with additional notes on polychaetes. Cahiers de Biologie marine, 13, 341 - 350.", "Kirkegaard, J. B. (1992) Havborsteorme 1. Danmarks fauna, 83, 1 - 416.", "Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1996) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. 2 nd edition. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. Hartmann-Schroder, G. & Rosenfeldt, P. (1988) Die Polychaeten der \" Polarstern \" - Reise ANT III / 2 in die Antarktis 1984 Teil 1: Euphrosinidae bis Chaetopteridae. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 85, 25 - 72.", "Nygren, A. & Sundberg, P. (2003) Phylogeny and evolution of reproductive modes in Autolytinae (Syllidae, Annelida). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, () 29, 235 - 249.", "Banse, K. (1972) On some species of Phyllodocidae, Syllidae, Nephtyidae, Goniadidae, Apistobranchidae, and Spionidae (Polychaeta) from the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science, 26, 191 - 222.", "Thorson, G. (1946) Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates, with special reference to the planktonic larvae in the Sound (Oresund). Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havundersogelser. Serie Plankton,. 4, 1 - 523.", "Pettibone, M. H. (1963) Marine polychaete worms of the New England region. 1. Families Aphroditidae through Trochochaetidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 227, 1 - 356.", "Hamond, R. (1974) The culture, experimental taxonomy, and comparative morphology of the planktonic stages of Norfolk autolytoids (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Autolytinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 54, 299 - 320.", "Nygren, A. & Gidholm, L. (2001) Three new species of Proceraea (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Autolytinae) from Brazil and the United States, with a synopsis of all Proceraea - like taxa. Ophelia, 54, 177 - 191."]}