Plumularia setacea Linnaeus 1758
Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 90 A–D See Medel & Vervoort (1995) and Schuchert (2001 a) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 97 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Ramil & Vervoort...
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Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Plumulariidae Plumularia Plumularia setacea |
spellingShingle |
Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Plumulariidae Plumularia Plumularia setacea Gravili, Cinzia Vito, Doris De Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di Martell, Luis Piraino, Stefano Boero, Ferdinando Plumularia setacea Linnaeus 1758 |
topic_facet |
Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Plumulariidae Plumularia Plumularia setacea |
description |
Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 90 A–D See Medel & Vervoort (1995) and Schuchert (2001 a) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 97 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1995; Medel & Vervoort 1995): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza tubular, variably ramified in accordance to the substrate; colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli monosiphonic, unbranched, but occasionally branched, up to ca 60 mm, divided into internodes by transverse nodes, each segment bearing a basal and a distal nematotheca, the last one almost in the axil of a lateral apophysis; hydrocladia alternate, borne on stem apophyses, in the same plane, heteromerously segmented by transverse nodes into hydrothecate and non-hydrothecate internodes; hydrothecate internodes with one hydrotheca and 3 nematothecae, one inferior median one and 2 latero-superior ones, non-hydrothecate segments with one frontal nematotheca, usually with one perisarcal septum above and below it, septum also may occur basally on hydrothecate internodes; first hydrocladial internode athecate and shorter; hydrothecae cup-shaped, entirely adnate, rim even, aperture slightly tilted downwards; nematothecae all two-chambered, conical, basal chamber longer, apical one wider, with adcauline embayment. Gonothecae of both sexes on the same stem or not, typically in a continuous line towards the base of stem, female ones elongated, fusiform, smooth, narrower distally with a more or less developed tubular neck, with narrow and circular apical aperture, male ones narrower and smaller than females, less attenuate above, tapering to a minute orifice. Colours: stem pale to dark horn (dark brown in some old colonies). Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Eurybathic species, in the Mediterranean Sea found from the tidal level to about 400 m depth (Broch 1933; García Carrascosa 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986; Roca 1986; Ramil & Vervoort 1992). Substrate. Recorded on other hydroids, sponges, barnacles, Posidonia , algae, mollusc shells, bryozoans, other organisms, and biogenic banks. Seasonality. January–March (Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991; Puce et al. 2009), April (Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991), July (Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991; Brahim et al. 2010), August (Boero & Fresi 1986; Brahim et al. 2010), and November (Boero & Fresi 1986) in the several localities of the Mediterranean Sea; all year in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Reproductive period. February (Ramil 1988), March (Stechow 1923; Puce et al. 2009), May (Stechow 1919; Rossi 1961), June (Picard 1955; Morri & Bianchi 1999), August and September (Picard 1952) in the several localities of the Mediterranean Sea; October–May (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Millard 1975; Cornelius & Ryland 1990; Medel & Vervoort 1995; Ramil et al. 1998; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Common at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Presicce 1991; Denitto 1996; Faucci & Boero 2000); Montagna Spaccata, Torre S. Emiliano, Ponte del Ciolo (Presicce 1991); Otranto (Denitto 1996; Miglietta et al . 2000; Fraschetti et al . 2002; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Stabili et al. 2008; Ventura 2011; Piraino et al. 2013; this study); Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al . 2002; Andreano 2007); Il Chiapparo (C. Gravili unpublished observations). Remarks. For more details about the variability of this species see Ramil & Vervoort (1992). References. Broch (1912, 1933), Stechow (1919, 1923), Billard (1926), Leloup (1934), Rossi (1950, 1961, 1971), Picard (1952, 1958a), Riedl (1959, 1970, 1991), Schmidt (1973), Hughes (1975), Chas & Rodriguez (1977), García-Corrales et al. (1978), Morri (1980 b), García Carrascosa (1981), Isasi (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Roca (1986), Llobet i Nidal (1987), Ramil (1988), Llobet et al . (1991), Ramil & Vervoort (1992), Alvarez Claudio (1993), Altuna (1994), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & López-González (1996), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Morri et al . (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Miglietta et al. (2000), Ansín Agís et al. (2001), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Peña Cantero & García Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al . (2009), Puce et al. (2009), Brahim et al. (2010), Bianchi et al. (2011), Ventura (2011), Piraino et al. (2013). : Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 127-128, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729 : {"references": ["Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72.", "Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.", "Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 & 2, 1 - 347 & 1 - 386.", "Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.", "Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp.", "Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x", "Roca, I. (1986) Estudio de los Cnidarios Bentonicos de las aguas costeras de Mallorca. Tesis, Universitat de les illes Balears, Facultat de Ciencies, Palma de Mallorca, 32 pp.", "Llobet Nadal, I. (1987) Faunistica y distribucion espacio-temporal de una poblacion de hydropolipos epibiontes del alga Halimeda tuna en el Mediterraneo occidental. MS Thesis. [pagination unkown]", "Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. & Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102", "Brahim, M. B., Hamza, A. & Bouain, A. (2010) Variability in the structure of epiphytic assemblages of Posidonia oceanica in relation to human interferences in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Marine Environmental Research, 70 (5), 411 - 421. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marenvres. 2010.08.005", "Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp.", "Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270.", "Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172.", "Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85.", "Picard, J. (1955) Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des Herbiers mediterraneens de Posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine D'Endoume, 15 (Bulleton 9), 59 - 71.", "Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233.", "Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.", "Cornelius, P. F. S. & Ryland, J. S. (1990) Class Hydrozoa. In: Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (Eds.), The marine fauna of the British Isles and NorthWest Europe. Introduction and Protozoans to Arthropods. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 107 - 158.", "Ramil, F., Vervoort, W. & Ansin, J. A. (1998) Report on the Haleciidae and Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected by the French SEAMOUNT 1 Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 322, 1 - 42.", "Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.", "Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp.", "Denitto, F. (1996) Etologia alimentare e cicli vitali di alcune specie di Hydroidomedusae: Anthomedusae / Filifera e Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa). Degree Thesis, Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 176 pp.", "Faucci, A. & Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255", "Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. & Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163", "Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. & Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9", "Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp.", "Stabili, L., Gravili, C., Tredici, S. M., Piraino, S., Tala, A., Boero, F. & Alifano, P. (2008) Epibiotic Vibrio luminous bacteria isolated from some Hydrozoa and Bryozoa species. Microbial Ecology, 56 (4), 625 - 636. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00248 - 008 - 9382 - y", "Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]", "Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. & Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461", "Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65.", "Billard, A. (1926) Rapport sur les hydroides. In: Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924 (with appendix to the report on hydroids by H. Munro Fox and an addendum). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 22 (1), pp. 85 - 103. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1926. tb 00323. x", "Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18.", "Rossi, L. (1950) Celenterati del Golfo di Rapallo (Riviera Ligure). Bollettino del Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Torino, 2 (4), 193 - 235.", "Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.", "Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.", "Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755.", "Riedl, R. (1970) Fauna und Flora der Adria. 2 nd Edition. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin, 640 pp.", "Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.", "Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. & Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22", "Hughes, R. G. (1975) The distribution of epizoites on the hydroid Nemertesia antennina (L.). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 55 (2), 275 - 294. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400015940", "Chas Brinquez, J. C. & Rodriguez Babio, C. (1977) Contribucion al conocimiento de los hidropolipos del litoral Gallego.", "Morri, C. (1980 b) Osservazioni sugli idroidi raccolti nelle condotte della centrale termoelettrica di Torvaldaglia (Civitavecchia). Natura, 71 (1 - 2), 3 - 14.", "Isasi (Urdangarin), I. (1985) Fauna de Cnidarios bentonicos del abra de Bilbao. Memoria. Presentada para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Biologicas por Inigo Isasi Urdangarin. Universidad del pais Vasco. Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea. Facultad de Ciencias, Departemento de Biologia. Fauna of the benthic cnidarians of the Abra de Bilbao. Gratuation thesis, University of the Basque Country, 209 pp.", "Alvarez Claudio, C. (1993) Hidrozoos bentonicos y catalogo de antozoos de la plataforma y talud continentales de la costa central de Asturias. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Oviedo, 458 pp.", "Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.", "Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. & Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274.", "Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268.", "Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.", "Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749", "Bianchi, C. N., Dando, P. R. & Morri, C. (2011) Increased diversity of sessile epibenthos at subtidal hydrothermal vents: seven hypotheses based on observations at Milos Island, Aegean Sea. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (1), 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 19475721.2011.565804"]} |
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Text |
author |
Gravili, Cinzia Vito, Doris De Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di Martell, Luis Piraino, Stefano Boero, Ferdinando |
author_facet |
Gravili, Cinzia Vito, Doris De Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di Martell, Luis Piraino, Stefano Boero, Ferdinando |
author_sort |
Gravili, Cinzia |
title |
Plumularia setacea Linnaeus 1758 |
title_short |
Plumularia setacea Linnaeus 1758 |
title_full |
Plumularia setacea Linnaeus 1758 |
title_fullStr |
Plumularia setacea Linnaeus 1758 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Plumularia setacea Linnaeus 1758 |
title_sort |
plumularia setacea linnaeus 1758 |
publisher |
Zenodo |
publishDate |
2015 |
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https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107155 https://zenodo.org/record/6107155 |
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ENVELOPE(-55.233,-55.233,-61.250,-61.250) ENVELOPE(-58.250,-58.250,-63.917,-63.917) ENVELOPE(-64.483,-64.483,-65.633,-65.633) ENVELOPE(-82.713,-82.713,-79.863,-79.863) ENVELOPE(-59.729,-59.729,-62.413,-62.413) ENVELOPE(-63.567,-63.567,-64.850,-64.850) ENVELOPE(-56.720,-56.720,-63.529,-63.529) ENVELOPE(167.350,167.350,-78.117,-78.117) ENVELOPE(-55.500,-55.500,-63.350,-63.350) ENVELOPE(40.562,40.562,63.490,63.490) ENVELOPE(-44.817,-44.817,-60.733,-60.733) ENVELOPE(70.203,70.203,-49.626,-49.626) ENVELOPE(-57.607,-57.607,-61.933,-61.933) ENVELOPE(-131.500,-131.500,-85.733,-85.733) |
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Greenland Indian De la Costa Blanco Gonzalez Alvarez Genova Torre Lopez Rodriguez Hayward Bianchi Pena Roca Gronland Promontorio Vito |
geographic_facet |
Greenland Indian De la Costa Blanco Gonzalez Alvarez Genova Torre Lopez Rodriguez Hayward Bianchi Pena Roca Gronland Promontorio Vito |
genre |
Greenland Iceland |
genre_facet |
Greenland Iceland |
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ftdatacite:10.5281/zenodo.6107155 2023-05-15T16:30:54+02:00 Plumularia setacea Linnaeus 1758 Gravili, Cinzia Vito, Doris De Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di Martell, Luis Piraino, Stefano Boero, Ferdinando 2015 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107155 https://zenodo.org/record/6107155 unknown Zenodo http://zenodo.org/record/242729 http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6 http://zoobank.org/D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1 http://zenodo.org/record/242729 http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.242819 http://zoobank.org/D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107154 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit Open Access Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode cc0-1.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC0 Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Plumulariidae Plumularia Plumularia setacea article-journal ScholarlyArticle Taxonomic treatment Text 2015 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107155 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.242819 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107154 2022-04-01T10:40:26Z Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 90 A–D See Medel & Vervoort (1995) and Schuchert (2001 a) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 97 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1995; Medel & Vervoort 1995): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza tubular, variably ramified in accordance to the substrate; colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli monosiphonic, unbranched, but occasionally branched, up to ca 60 mm, divided into internodes by transverse nodes, each segment bearing a basal and a distal nematotheca, the last one almost in the axil of a lateral apophysis; hydrocladia alternate, borne on stem apophyses, in the same plane, heteromerously segmented by transverse nodes into hydrothecate and non-hydrothecate internodes; hydrothecate internodes with one hydrotheca and 3 nematothecae, one inferior median one and 2 latero-superior ones, non-hydrothecate segments with one frontal nematotheca, usually with one perisarcal septum above and below it, septum also may occur basally on hydrothecate internodes; first hydrocladial internode athecate and shorter; hydrothecae cup-shaped, entirely adnate, rim even, aperture slightly tilted downwards; nematothecae all two-chambered, conical, basal chamber longer, apical one wider, with adcauline embayment. Gonothecae of both sexes on the same stem or not, typically in a continuous line towards the base of stem, female ones elongated, fusiform, smooth, narrower distally with a more or less developed tubular neck, with narrow and circular apical aperture, male ones narrower and smaller than females, less attenuate above, tapering to a minute orifice. Colours: stem pale to dark horn (dark brown in some old colonies). Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type. Eurybathic species, in the Mediterranean Sea found from the tidal level to about 400 m depth (Broch 1933; García Carrascosa 1981; Boero & Fresi 1986; Roca 1986; Ramil & Vervoort 1992). Substrate. Recorded on other hydroids, sponges, barnacles, Posidonia , algae, mollusc shells, bryozoans, other organisms, and biogenic banks. Seasonality. January–March (Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991; Puce et al. 2009), April (Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991), July (Llobet i Nadal 1987; Llobet et al. 1991; Brahim et al. 2010), August (Boero & Fresi 1986; Brahim et al. 2010), and November (Boero & Fresi 1986) in the several localities of the Mediterranean Sea; all year in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Reproductive period. February (Ramil 1988), March (Stechow 1923; Puce et al. 2009), May (Stechow 1919; Rossi 1961), June (Picard 1955; Morri & Bianchi 1999), August and September (Picard 1952) in the several localities of the Mediterranean Sea; October–May (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Millard 1975; Cornelius & Ryland 1990; Medel & Vervoort 1995; Ramil et al. 1998; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Common at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Presicce 1991; Denitto 1996; Faucci & Boero 2000); Montagna Spaccata, Torre S. Emiliano, Ponte del Ciolo (Presicce 1991); Otranto (Denitto 1996; Miglietta et al . 2000; Fraschetti et al . 2002; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007; Gravili et al. 2008 a; Stabili et al. 2008; Ventura 2011; Piraino et al. 2013; this study); Costa Merlata (Fraschetti et al . 2002; Andreano 2007); Il Chiapparo (C. Gravili unpublished observations). Remarks. For more details about the variability of this species see Ramil & Vervoort (1992). References. Broch (1912, 1933), Stechow (1919, 1923), Billard (1926), Leloup (1934), Rossi (1950, 1961, 1971), Picard (1952, 1958a), Riedl (1959, 1970, 1991), Schmidt (1973), Hughes (1975), Chas & Rodriguez (1977), García-Corrales et al. (1978), Morri (1980 b), García Carrascosa (1981), Isasi (1985), Boero & Fresi (1986), Gili (1986), Roca (1986), Llobet i Nidal (1987), Ramil (1988), Llobet et al . (1991), Ramil & Vervoort (1992), Alvarez Claudio (1993), Altuna (1994), Medel & Vervoort (1995), Medel & López-González (1996), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Morri et al . (1999), Piraino et al. (1999), Faucci & Boero (2000), Miglietta et al. (2000), Ansín Agís et al. (2001), Fraschetti et al. (2002), Peña Cantero & García Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008 a), Morri et al . (2009), Puce et al. (2009), Brahim et al. (2010), Bianchi et al. (2011), Ventura (2011), Piraino et al. (2013). : Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 127-128, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729 : {"references": ["Medel, M. D. & Vervoort, W. 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Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2 (1), 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 19475721.2011.565804"]} Text Greenland Iceland DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) Greenland Indian De la Costa Blanco ENVELOPE(-55.233,-55.233,-61.250,-61.250) Gonzalez ENVELOPE(-58.250,-58.250,-63.917,-63.917) Alvarez ENVELOPE(-64.483,-64.483,-65.633,-65.633) Genova ENVELOPE(-82.713,-82.713,-79.863,-79.863) Torre ENVELOPE(-59.729,-59.729,-62.413,-62.413) Lopez ENVELOPE(-63.567,-63.567,-64.850,-64.850) Rodriguez ENVELOPE(-56.720,-56.720,-63.529,-63.529) Hayward ENVELOPE(167.350,167.350,-78.117,-78.117) Bianchi ENVELOPE(-55.500,-55.500,-63.350,-63.350) Pena ENVELOPE(40.562,40.562,63.490,63.490) Roca ENVELOPE(-44.817,-44.817,-60.733,-60.733) Gronland ENVELOPE(70.203,70.203,-49.626,-49.626) Promontorio ENVELOPE(-57.607,-57.607,-61.933,-61.933) Vito ENVELOPE(-131.500,-131.500,-85.733,-85.733) |