Bougainvillia muscus Allman 1863

• Main Authors: Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano, Boero, Ferdinando
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2015
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Cnidaria; Hydrozoa; Anthoathecata; Bougainvilliidae; Bougainvillia; Bougainvillia muscus; Arctic; Greenland; Pacific; Norway; New Zealand; Bergen; Gonzalez; Medusa; Lopez; Malo; Bianchi; Pena; Gronland; Vito; Ergen; Iceland; Zooplankton
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6106929; https://zenodo.org/record/6106929

Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) Fig. 2 A–C See Schuchert (2007) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 0 1 and HCUS-S 0 0 2 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula)—polyp stage. Description (based on our observations; Edwards 1966 a; Schuchert 2007, 2012): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as an irregular network of tubular stolons from which hydrocauli arise; colony erect; hydrocauli mono- or polysiphonic, irregularly branching and variable in growth and form from dwarf, monosiphonic and little-branched to tall, polysiphonic and tree-like; perisarc of hydrocauli and hydrocladia often covered by detritus, corrugated at base of hydrocladia and thinning out over hydranths forming a pseudohydrotheca; hydranths cylindrical to fusiform, terminal on hydrocauli and hydrocladia; hypostome short and conical; with up to 20 amphicoronate filiform tentacles; pseudohydrotheca thin, much variable in development, from usually present in natural populations to absent in cultivated animals. Medusa buds covered by periderm, arising singly or in groups on hydrocladia just below hydranths, on moderately long stalks. Colours: hydranths pink, red, orange, or greyish purple; colour depends on food items. Habitat type. B. muscus hydroids usually occur under wave-sheltered conditions, often in slightly reduced salinity and also harbours, on a wide variety of substrata, from the surface to 100 m, but it has also been found in deeper waters (Schuchert 2012). Substrate. Posidonia oceanica leaves and rhizomes, Zostera leaves, Sargassum, Cystoseira , bryozoans, algae, hydroids, mussels, polychaete tubes, barnacles, man-made objects. Seasonality. In the Ligurian Sea the species was recorded all year (Boero & Fresi 1986) and from January to May and November to December (Puce et al . 2009). In Salento, the species was observed in February and November (this study). Reproductive period. May in the Ligurian Sea (Boero & Fresi 1986), January (Galea 2007) along the Mediterranean French coast, from spring to autumn (Schuchert 2007) in European temperate waters. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella globular, 2.0–3.5 mm wide and high; mesoglea thick; manubrium bulbous, half of subumbrellar height, sometimes on a short peduncle; oral tentacles long, branching 1–2 (rarely 3–4) times; 4 interradial gonads on manubrium, globular in females and prolonged along sides of radial canals in males; mature eggs covered with a layer of cnidocysts (microbasic euryteles); marginal bulbs small, each bearing 3–5 (rarely 6–9) long marginal tentacles; 2 round ocelli situated adaxially on each marginal bulb near the origin of tentacles. Colours: marginal bulbs and stomach reddish brown, red or yellowish; sometimes with greenish tinge, depends on food items; ocelli red or black in colour. Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with globular umbrella, jelly uniformly thin, with a few nematocysts on exumbrella; manubrium not mounted on a gastric peduncle; 4 unbranched oral tentacles; small not developed oogonia can be seen on the manubrium of females; 2 tentacles and 2 ocelli per marginal bulb. Colours: ocelli red or black. Cnidome. Microbasic euryteles and desmonemes (hydroids and medusae). Distribution. A widely distributed species, probably also due to anthropogenic activity, recorded in Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean, and Arctic waters (Bonnevie 1901; Vervoort 1946; Rees 1952; Patriti 1970; Christiansen 1972; Millard 1975; Hirohito 1988; Schönborn et al . 1993; Medel & López-González 1996; Schuchert 1996, 2001a, 2007; Peña Cantero & García Carrascosa 2002; Bouillon et al . 2004; Gravili et al . 2008 a). Records in Salento. Hydroid moderately frequent at Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Gravili et al . 2008 a). Remarks. B. muscus is a very variable species in both stages of the life cycle. Earlier authors attempted to assign the several forms to different species (see Schuchert 2007). Only the hydroid stage and the new born medusa were seen in the present study. References. Schneider (1898), Babic (1910), Broch (1912, 1933), Picard & Le Roch (1949), Russell (1953, 1970), Trégouboff & Rose (1957), Vucetic (1957), Picard (1958 a), Kramp (1961), Vannucci & Rees (1961), Edwards (1966 a), Rossi (1971), Boero (1981 a), Maluquer (1985), Riedl (1991), Schuchert (1996, 2007, 2012), Morri & Bianchi (1999), Peña Cantero & García Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Galea (2007), Çinar et al. (2008), Gravili et al . (2008 a), Puce et al. (2009). : Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729 : {"references": ["Edwards, C. (1966 a) The hydroid and the medusa Bougainvillia principis, and a review of the British species of Bougainvillia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 46 (1), 129 - 152. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400017604", "Schuchert, P. (2012) Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 59, i - viii, 364 pp.", "Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x", "Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199.", "Bonnevie, K. (1901) Hydroiden. Meeresfauna von Bergen. 1, 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10212", "Vervoort, W. (1946) Hydrozoa (C 1) A. Hydropolypen. Fauna van Nederland, 14, 1 - 336.", "Rees, W. J. (1952) Records of hydroids and medusae taken at Herdla, Bergen in 1937. Publications from the Biological Station University of Bergen Aarbok, 1952, Naturvid. Raekke, 16, 1 - 8.", "Patriti, G. (1970) Catalogue des cnidaires et ctenaires des cotes Atlantiques marocaines. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique Cherifien et de la Faculte des Sciences, Series Zoologie, 35, 1 - 149.", "Christiansen, B. O. (1972) The hydroid fauna of the Oslo Fjord in Norway. Norwegian Journal of Zoology, 20 (4), 279 - 310.", "Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.", "Medel, M. D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209.", "Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159.", "Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.", "Pena Cantero, A. L. & Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180.", "Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91.", "Schneider, K. C. (1898) Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht uber das System des Hydropolypen im Allgemein. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 10 (4), 472 - 555.", "Babic, K. (1910) Prilog Fauna Jadranskoga mora. Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti. Zagreb, 183, 207 - 232.", "Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65.", "Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115.", "Picard, J. & Le Roch, S. (1949) Les cnidaires epiphytes des zosteres de la Mediterranee (note preliminaire). La Feuille des Naturalistes, 4 (9 - 10), 93 - 94.", "Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562", "Russell, F. S. (1970) The medusae of the British Isles. II. Pelagic Scyphozoa with a supplement to the first volume on hydromedusae. Cambridge University Press, 284 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19710560438", "Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93].", "Vucetic, T. (1957) Zooplankton investigations in the sea water lakes \" Malo Jezero \" and \" Veliko Jezero \" on the island of Mljet. Acta Adriatica, 6 (4), 1 - 51.", "Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199.", "Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347", "Vannucci, M. & Rees, W. J. (1961) A revision of the genus Bougainvillia (Anthomedusae). Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico de Sao Paulo, 11 (2), 57 - 100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0373 - 55241961000100003", "Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101.", "Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x", "Maluquer, P. (1985) Algunas consideraciones sobre la fauna asociada a las colonias de Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878) del purto de Mahon (Menorca, Baleares). Publicaciones del Departamento de Zoologia Universidad de Barcelona, 11, 23 - 28.", "Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp.", "Cinar, M. E., Katagan, T., Kocak, F., Ozturk, B., Ergen, Z., Kocatas, A., Onen, M., Kirkim, F., Bakir, K., Kurt, G., Dagli, E., Acik, S., Dogan, A. & Ozcan, T. (2008) Faunal assemblages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in and around Alsancak Harbour (Izmir Bay, eastern Mediterranean) with special emphasis on alien species. Journal of Marine Systems, 71 (1 - 2), 1 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2007.05.004"]}