Syneches Walker

• Main Authors: Menezes, Isis Sá, Ale-Rocha, Rosaly
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2016
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Hybotidae; Syneches; Seta; Saunders; Italica; Sinclair; Foote; Lower Head; Fennoscandia
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6088563; https://zenodo.org/record/6088563

Syneches Walker Syneches Walker, 1852: 165. Type-species: Syneches simplex Walker 1852 (by monotypy). Melander, 1965: 448 (catalog); Smith, 1967: 9; 1969: 84; 1977: 190; 1980: 435; 1989: 389 (catalogs); Wilder, 1974: 1 (review); Chvála, 1983: 104 (citation); Chvála & Kovalev, 1989: 184 (catalog). Pterospilus Rondani, 1856: 152. Type-species: Asilus muscarius Fabricius, 1794 (monotype). Melander, 1928: 38 (synonymy). Harpamerus Bigot, 1859: 306. Type-species: Harpamerus signatus Bigot (by monotypy). Bezzi 1904: 329 (as subgenus); Sinclair, 2011: 359 (synonymy). Epiceia Walker, 1860: 149. Type species: Epiceia ferruginea Walker (by monotypy). Bezzi 1904: 329 (as subgenus). Parahybos Kertész, 1899: 176. Type-species: Parahybos iridipennis Kertész, 1899 (by monotypy). Frey, 1953: 67 (as subgenus); Smith, 1977: 188 (catalog); 1980: 434 (catalog); 1989: 389 (catalog, synonymy). Diagnosis . Specimens varying from 2.0 to 7.5 mm in length; upper facets distinctly larger than lower; head hemispherical, males and females holoptic; postcranium with pruinescence; proboscis elongate, somewhat longer than head width (in lateral view), labellum strongly sclerotized, lacking pseudotracheae; postpedicel oval, usually short (long in S. longiflagellatus ), with one or more dorsal setae; stylus hair-like, apical or dorsoapical, long, usually more than three times length of postpedicel, apex bare; palpus setose, shorter than proboscis, with developed apical seta; two pairs of ocellar setae; frons flat and oblique; postcranium concave, with distinct postocellar sclerite; thorax pruinose, scutum usually strongly arched; one or more pairs of dc setae and/or developed acr setae on prescutellar disc; wing broad with developed anal lobe and pterostigma often distinct; vein Rs long, arising before level of basal half of cell br; cell cu p almost as long as or slightly longer than bm; tergite 8 of male with large membranous central area reaching posterior margin; male terminalia symmetrical or nearly so, rotated 45–90 º to the right; surstylus not articulated. Distribution . Cosmopolitan. : Published as part of Menezes, Isis Sá & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2016, Revision of the Amazonian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), pp. 401-442 in Zootaxa 4103 (5) on page 403, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4103.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/267788 : {"references": ["Walker, F. (1852) Diptera. In: Saunders W. W. (Ed.), Insecta Saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of W. W. Saunders. London, 474 pp.", "Melander, A. L. (1965) Family Empididae (Empidae, Hybotidae). In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D. C., pp. 446 - 481.", "Smith, K. G. V. (1967) Fascicle 39. Family Empididae (Empidae, Hybotidae). In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria de Agricultura, Sao Paulo, 67 pp.", "Wilder, D. D. (1974) A revision of the genus Syneches Walker (Diptera: Empididae) for North America and the Antilles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 10 (5), 1 - 30.", "Chvala, M. (1983) The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 12, 1 - 279.", "Chvala, M. & Kovalev, V. G. (1989) Family Hybotidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, Volume 6, Elsevier Science Publishers and Akademiai Kiado, Amsterdam and Budapest, pp. 174 - 227", "Rondani, C. (1856) Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus. Volume I. Genera italica ordinis dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata. A. Stoschi, Parmae, 226 pp.", "Fabricius, J. C. (1794) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Volume IV, C. G. Proft, Fil et Soc., Hafniae (= Copenhagen), 472 pp.", "Melander, A. L. (1928) Diptera, Fam. Empididae. In: Wystman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum. Fascicule 185 (1927), Bruxelles, 434 pp.", "Bigot, J. M. F. (1859) Dipterorum aliquot nova genera. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee, (2) 11, 305 - 315.", "Bezzi, M. (1904) Empididi Indo-Australiani raccolti dal signor L. Biro. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 2, 320 - 361.", "Sinclair, B. J. (2011) Revision of Fijian Syneches (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae), with a reassessment of the genus. The Canadian Entomologist, 143 (4), 358 - 369. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / n 11 - 021", "Walker, F. (1860) Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in Amboyna by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 5, 145 - 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1860. tb 01023. x", "Kertesz, K. (1899) Verzeichniss einiger, von L. Biro in Neu-Guinea und am Malayischen Archipel gesammelten Dipteren. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 22, 173 - 195.", "Frey, R. (1953) Studien uber ostasiatische Diptera. II. Hybotinae, Ocydromiinae, Hormopeza. Zett. Notulae Entomologicae, 33, 57 - 71.", "Smith, K. G. V. (1977) Family Empididae (Empidae, Hybotidae). In: Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy, D. E. (Eds), A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental region. Volume 2. Suborder Brachycera through Division Aschiza, suborder Cyclorrapha. Univ. Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 185 - 193."]}