Penthalodes hawaiiensis Jesionowska, 2010, n. sp.

• Main Author: Jesionowska, Katarzyna
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2010
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Arthropoda; Arachnida; Prostigmata; Penthalodidae; Penthalodes; Penthalodes hawaiiensis; Pacific; Seta; Brama; Goff; Strandtmann; Matsuyama; Alaska; Mite
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5631877; https://zenodo.org/record/5631877

Penthalodes hawaiiensis n. sp. Synonym: P. ovalis Strandtmann & Goff, 1978, Pacific Insects 19, 3 – 4, 121–143. Locus typicus : Hawaii, vicinity of Volcano-Hilo road, samples from grass, lichen, treefern forest, cane fields Diagnosis. Epirostrum trilobed; middle part of epirostrum large, triangular; lateral lobes weakly developed with slightly pointed, resembling triangles. Dorsal idiosomal setae, except setae ro and bo , loosely feathered. Rhagidial organ I with two recumbent baculiform solenidia, in tandem, in confluent depressions and one tiny spatulate solenidion in separate pit inserted laterally antiaxially in relation to rhagidial organ I. Famulus absent. Rhagidial organ II with three recumbent baculiform solenidia, staggered, in confluent depressions. Solenidia of rhagidial organ II of unequal size, not overlapping each other. For the original description and deposition of type specimens see Strandtmann and Goff (1978). Penthalodes polonicus n. sp . (Figs 1–7) Diagnosis. Epirostrum trilobed, lateral lobes broadly rounded; in lateral view, base of epirostrum sloping; without reticulation. Dorsal idiosomal setae, except setae ro and bo , tridactylate, with short stem. Rhagidial organ of tarsus I with two banana-shaped solenidia in tandem in a confluent depressions and one T-shaped solenidion in a separate pit inserted laterally to proximal solenidion. Small stellate famulus inserted laterally on mid-region of tarsus I, well separated from rhagidial organ. Rhagidial organ of tarsus II with three thin baculiform solenidia, in tandem, in a common depression with the distal part of each solenidion overlapping the preceding one. One, small spine-like solenidion (possibly a famulus) inserted in pit laterally to rhagidial organ II, at the level of proximal solenidion. Description. Body with well developed ornamentation, moderately sclerotized. Idiosoma angular (Fig. 3) with ornamental costulae forming pentagons (i.e. reticulate pattern). Dorsum with two “V”-shaped furrows. Idiosomal length (excluding epirostrum) about 400 µm, width (at the level of setae c 2) about 250 µm. Legs shorter than idiosoma. Ratio of idiosomal length to leg I length: 1: 15. Aspidosoma . (Figs 1, 2, 3 C, D) Prodorsum forms a steep anterior wall of idiosoma. Ornamentation consists of large tear-shaped costulae (i.e. point-shaped with tiny spine) and minute costulae discernible as dots. Large costulae form pentagons, while minute costulae form parallel lines on the surface of each pentagon. Naso small, smooth, and spherical, with one hemisphere hidden in a cavity. Epirostrum trilobed with lateral lobes broadly rounded, distinctly shorter than medial lobe (Figs 3 CD). Four pairs of prodorsal setae: ro , bo , le , xa (about 6, 56, 37 and 25 long, respectively). Setae ro tiny, nude, inserted on frontal surface of naso, adjacent in a common depression (possibly a result of slide-mounting). Setae bo filiform, inserted on prodorsum in deep bothridia dorsally; setae le and xa situated frontally. Setae le and xa tridactylate with short basal branches. V-shaped furrows start lateral to setae bo . Transverse furrow separating prodorsum from opisthosoma absent. FIGURE 1. Penthalodes polonicus n. sp. Female. (A) Dorsum; prodorsal setae: ro, le, bo, xa opisthosomal setae: c 1, c 2, d, e, f, h, ps, ad . Lyrifissures: ia, im, ip, ih. (B) Venter; coxal regions: cx 1–4; trochanter: tr 1–4; aggenital setae: ag 1–8; anal setae: an . Gnathosoma (Figs 3 AB, 4). Subcapitulum (Fig. 4 AB) about 110 long, conical, with well developed ornamentation comprising spine- to point-shaped costulae on smooth integument. Lateral lips (LL) connected by a smooth membrane dorsally for approximately two thirds their total length. Ventrally, the free parts of lateral lips bear one pair of setae n , inserted slightly distal to labial apex; and one pair of setae m laterobasally. Setae n and m plumose with long outgrowths. On ventral side, lateral lips fused to hypostome (H), delimited by sclerites sc . Top of hypostome forms small labium (LI). Hypostome divided by inner sclerite into a basal rectangular and distal triangular part. Paraxial surfaces of free part of lateral lips, as well as the ventral part of labrum (LB), strongly sclerotized. Distal antiaxial parts of lateral lips smooth and plicate. Adoral setae difficult to discern. Free part of labrum not longer than those of lateral lips. Chelicera (Fig. 3 AB) about 115 long, elongated, ornamented with tiny spines. Cheliceral seta absent. Fixed digit hood-shaped, distally bifurcate covering most of movable digit. Movable digit strongly sclerotized, narrows distally into hooked claw. Pedipalps (Fig. 4 CD) four-segmented, Tr-FG-Tb-Ts; coxal regions well formed and fused partially with dorso-basal subcapitulum (Fig. 4 B). Pedipalp about 166 long, Tr to Ts: 25-55 - 57 - 29. Number of setae and solenidia: 0-2 - 3-9 (1). Setae on femorogenu ( d 1-15, d 2-21 long) and tibia ( d 1-18, lt - 11, d 2-13 long) plumose. Seta d 2 on FG with a very long terminal spine. Pedipalpal tarsus elongated, sharply tipped, linear in profile with nine setae and one recumbent solenidion in depression dorsally; seta acmg (= d 10 long) thick, pilose, angled basally, the largest; seta cm ' (11 long) positioned paraxially, almost smooth, spiralled; seta ul '' slightly thickened, shortly pilose; setae ul ', u '' and u ' (5 long each) cylindrical, hollow, each terminating in strong sclerotized solid (black) carina; seta a (7 long), thickened, with distal spine; setae s plumose, la '' pilose, very short (3 and 4 long, respectively). Ventro-distal part of tibia terminating in distinct spine-like process. Opisthosoma (Figs 1, 2; Table 1). Opisthosoma with characteristic “V”-shaped furrows, lacking any transverse furrows (as “das” or disjugal furrow). Ornamentation same as prodorsum, i.e. tear-shaped costulae forming pentagons, each covered by minute point-shaped costulae forming parallel lines (Fig. 1). Ornamentation on opisthosoma venter more delicate, with costulae being visibly smaller than dorsal costulae. Opisthosoma composed of nine fused segments: C, D, E, F, H, PS, AD, AN, PE. Segment C with two pairs of setae c 1 and c 2; c 2 inserted slightly distad of c 1, almost at the level of setae bo . Segments D to AN with one pair of setae each, i.e., d , e, f , h , ps , ad and an , respectively. Segments H to PE form the posterior wall of the opisthosoma which is steep, beginning at about the level of setae h (Fig. 2). Distances between insertions of setae ps-ad , ad-an are almost equal and rows of these setae arranged one under another; setae ad well distant of anal cleft, hence the anal cleft is accompanied by only one pair of setae, an . Setal pair f aligned with lyrifissures ip . Setae h are inserted laterally and well posterior to setae f and lyrifissures ip . V-furrows end about at the level of setae f . Distances between insertions of opisthosomal setae distinctly longer than length of setae. Opisthosomal setae c to ad tridactylate with short stem, and prominent medial “dactyl”. With four pairs of lyrifissures ( ia , im , ip , ih ?), slit-like with strong sclerotized margins. Anal cleft very short, positioned terminally. Anal valves well developed, inserted on a small protuberance of segment PE. Setae an plumose, close to anterior margin of PE, similar to genital setae. Genital region (Figs 1 B, 5; Table 2). Costulae forming pentagons and irregular lines or points, distinctly smaller and not as homogenous as those on dorsum. Reticulation distinct in pregenital area, but punctate in lateral aggenital region. Genital valves strongly sclerotized, well separated from aggenital region, differently ornamented with irregular tiny spines. Between coxal regions IV and genital valves (pregenital area) eight aggenital setae form two alignments, the first with six and the second with two setae; another four pairs of aggenital setae are arranged lateral to the genital valves (i.e. total aggenital setae = 16). Nine pairs of plumose genital setae, inserted close to inner margin of genital valves except for the laterally situated fifth pair. Seven pairs of plumose eugenital setae, most probably eupathidial in form, inserted on well sclerotized protuberances. Two pairs of genital papillae. Podosoma (Figs 1 B, 2, 6, 7). Coxal regions well developed, strongly sclerotized and ornamented; dorsolateral surface rugose, especially on coxal regions I and II. Ornament on podosoma delicately punctate; between coxal regions IV with delicate pentagons. Contiguous coxal regions I and II clearly separated from contiguous coxal regions III and IV; coxal formula: 2 - 1-2 - 1. Sternal region well developed, much more delicately ornamented than coxal regions; sternal formula: 2 - 0-2 - 2. Sternal and coxal setae plumose. Legs (Figs 6, 7). Legs shorter than idiosoma, leg I 348 long, Tr-Ts 30-110 - 50-58 - 100 long, leg II 265 (30- 75 - 40-50 - 70 long), leg III 275 (30-85 - 40-50 - 70 long), leg IV 325 (30-100 - 50-65 - 80 long). Chaetotaxy and solenidiotaxy (in parentheses) for legs I to IV: Tr 1 - 1 - 1 - 1, F 9 - 7 - 5-7, G 5 (1 +f)- 5 (1 +f)- 5 (1)- 4 (1), Tb 6 (2)- 6 (2)- 6 (1)- 6 (1), Ts 23 (2 + 1 +f)- 16 (3 + 1)- 15 - 15. Solenidia inserted dorsally, smooth, without striae. Rhagidial organ I with two banana-shaped solenidia (10 long each) in tandem in confluent depressions (Figs 6 A, 7 A). Distal depression below proximal depression, shorter than solenidion. Laterally, at level of proximal solenidion, one T-shaped solenidion (6 long) inserted in pit which is considerably larger than solenidion. Small stellate famulus positioned more proximally, completely distant from rhagidial organ I. Rhagidial organ II with three thin, baculiform solenidia (11, 10 and 9 long, respectively), in tandem in common depression; proximal FIGURE 5. Penthalodes polonicus n. sp. Genital region. Genital valve with nine genital setae, g 1 - g 9; seven pairs of eugenital setae, eug 1 - eug 7; two pairs of genital papillae, pap 1-2. solenidion the thickest; solenidia adjacent and overlapping one another because distal part of depression is positioned below proximal part (like cascade) (Figs 6 B, 7 B). Spine-like tiny solenidion (or famulus; 2 long) in small pit lateral to proximal solenidion. Tibia I with two dorsodistal solenidia, proximal solenidion (6 long) erect and baculiform, distal solenidion (8 long) banana-shaped, recumbent in depression; distal solenidion thickest; distance between solenidia 9. Tibia II with two dorsodistal solenidia; proximal solenidion (5 long), rod-like, distal solenidion (10 long) thick, banana-shaped, in depression; distance between solenidia 6. Tibia III and IV each with one erect, baculiform dorsoproximal solenidion (6 and 7 long, respectively). Genua I–IV each distally with large (especially large on G I, II and IV) banana-shaped solenidion (13, 13, 9 and 13 long, respectively); genu I and II each with tiny spiniform famulus (4 and 3 long, respectively; in own pore) located near distal margin of article; famulus on genu I with one lateral spine (bifurcate). Three pairs of setae expanded distally near apotele I-IV each. All leg setae shorter than leg article, plumose with long distal outgrowths (spicule), especially long on femur II setae. Ventral tarsal setae angled basally, i.e. foot-shaped. Leg integument strongly sclerotized with ornamentation composed of tiny spines and minute tubercles. Apotele I–IV each with ambulacrum composed of two claws and pad-like, setuled empodium. Ambulacrum of leg IV the largest. Material examined. Female holotype (KJJ 724 - 1), Zakopane. Tatrzański Park Narodowy (The Tatra Mountains National Park). Dolina Chochołowska (Chochołowska Valley). Stone under the peaks of "Olejarnia" in Niżna Brama Chochołowska; mosses, grass and soil. 20.09.1979. Leg. J. Rafalski. Three females, same data as holotype. Further material examined: two females (one paratype KJJ 797 - 2), Zakopane. The Tatra Mountains National Park. "Wąwóz Kraków" (Krakow Ravine); mosses, grass, soil and detritus from stone cracks and cavities (limestone). 10.10.1983. Leg. Z. Olszanowski. The material is deposited in the author's collection. In future, specimens will be transferred to the Acarological Collection of the Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań. Etymology. The species name refers to the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains. Differential diagnosis. This new species, although also European, differs from P. ovalis sensu Kaluz in the following combination of characteristics: (1) setae ro adjacent, i.e., inserted close to each other; (2) dorsal idiosomal setae tridactylate (except setae ro and bo ); (3) epirostrum with weakly developed semi-round lateral lobes; (4) epirostral ornamentation composed of irregular tubercles, not pentagons or reticular pattern; (5) solenidia in rhagidial organ I banana-shaped, in tandem in confluent depressions; not lanceolate; (6) all solenidia in the rhagidial organ II in tandem, slightly overlapping each other, thin and baculiform, none lanceolate; (7) lateral solenidion on tarsus I T-shaped, not spiniform; (8) pedipalpal tarsus elongated, linear in profile; (9) stellate famulus on tarsus I well removed from rhagidial organ I; (10) number of aggenital setae 16, not 23; in pregenital region, eight setae in two alignments (six and two, respectively), not 13 (five and eight, respectively); (11) seven pairs of eugenital setae. In P. ovalis sensu Kaluz (2000), the solenidia on tarsi I and II are arranged in a specific way. Rhagidial organ I has two lanceolate solenidia arranged linearly in separate depressions, with a third spiniform solenidion placed laterally in a pit. Rhagidial organ II has a lanceolate proximal solenidion placed separately from two parallel distal solenidia in a common depression. Species Aggenital setae in pregenital Rest of Total sum of Genital setae region aggenital setae aggenital setae first second alignment alignment P. o v a l i s sensu Kaluz 2000 (Fig. 2) 5 8 10 23 9 + 9 Morphological survey of hitherto described representatives of the Penthalodes . Eight species of Penthalodes are now identifiable. Four species, P. alaskaensis sp. n. , P. boneti , P. oregonensis and P. t u r n e r i , are known from North and Central America (Baker 1946; Strandmann 1971), two species, P. ovalis and P. polonicus sp. n. are from Europe (Kaluz 2000; present paper), P. c a r i n a t u s is from Japan (Shiba 1978), and P. hawaiiensis sp. n. is from Hawaii (Strandmann & Goff 1978). The descriptions by Baker (1946), Strandmann (1971) and Strandmann & Goff (1978) are all lacking detail to some degree, but allow their recognition as distinct species. Baker’s (1946) description details the shape of epirostrum, an important feature for separating these species. Nevertheless, drawings of rhagidial organ I and II and detail of other leg solenidia are lacking. Some data, now considered important in descriptions, are also missing from Strandmann (1971) and Strandmann & Goff (1978). Shiba's (1978) description of P. carinatus is also brief, but is supported by drawings where, among others, the shape and the arrangement of solenidia on the tarsi and tibiae of legs I and II, as well as the shape of the epirostrum, distinguish this species from all others. However, Shiba (1978) thought the main character distinguishing it from similar species ( P. ovalis and P. boneti ) was the presence of eight pairs of genital setae. The redescription of P. ovalis by Kaluz (2000) presents good drawings for his putative P. ovalis specimens collected in Slovakia and Turkey. Thor and Willmann (1941) promoted the use of the name P. ovalis , and the genus Penthalodes , by presenting a list of diagnostic characters for the genus: (1) epirostrum present; (2) reticulate ornament of the body composed of tetragons, pentagons or hexagons; (3) furrows in the form of the letter V on dorsum; (4) no epivertex (i.e. naso); instead of it, an eye-like organ with a pair of rudimentary hairs; (5) legs shorter than the body; and (6) setae of the body very small, plumose or branched. Due to Thor and Wilmann’s (1941) work, most ecological works and check-lists use the name P. ovalis when they probably mean Penthalodes sp., because many do not make proper reference to the species-level characteristics. The following morphological review allows for a new understanding of the characteristic features of adults of the genus Penthalodes , comparisons to other representatives of the Eupodoidea, and the new diagnoses and species already presented in this work. Idiosoma . The idiosoma has characteristic shape; angular in profile, while being slightly narrowed posteriorly in dorsal view. Its anterior and posterior part is steep (Fig. 2). When viewed in lactic acid, it can be flattened laterally. Other authors describe it as plump, ovoid or almost globose. On the dorsum, there are characteristic furrows arranged like the letter “V” or “ Y ”, depending on slide preparation. Epirostrum . This structure resembles a small roof over the gnathosoma. The epirostrum is positioned well below the naso and is either trilobed or monolobed (Table 3). The central lobe is always obviously the largest. The epirostrum of Penthalodes sp. presented by Baker (1987) is most similar to P. t u r n e r i . Ornamentation on the epirostrum is usually reticulate in the basal part, and linear or punctate in the apical part, but does vary in some species. The profile of the epirostrum can differ, e.g. the dorsal line can be sloping from the base, as in P. polonicus , or can initially form a small platform (like in other representatives of the genus collected in Poland, Fig. 3 E). The epirostrum does not occur in the larva and tritonymph (Jesionowska 1996; Strandtmann 1971). carinatus 1 Triangular; edges slightly plicate Wholly reticulate turneri 1 Triangular with rounded apex Basally reticulate, apically striate boneti 1 Rectangular or trapezoidal transformed medially into ligulate Basally reticulate, apically process, cusps slightly pointed striate oregonensis 1 Large, undivided, lobed, with broadly rounded apical part Basally punctuate, distally with tiny hairs Naso . The naso of Penthalodes is unique. It is spherical, smooth and completely disconnected from the epirostrum below. 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