Holothuria (Holothuria) mammata Grube 1840

• Main Authors: Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias, Ávila, Sérgio P.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2019
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Echinodermata; Holothuroidea; Aspidochirotida; Holothuriidae; Holothuria; Holothuria mammata; Marcos; Andreas; Gonzalez; Morton; Buttons; Ricardo; Rowe; Perez; Perrier; Prieto; Dominguez; Pawson; Northeast Atlantic
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583403; https://zenodo.org/record/5583403

Holothuria ( Holothuria ) mammata Grube, 1840 (Fig. 34) Reports for the Azores: non Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 — $ Nobre 1924: 89, 1930: 23, 70 [misidentification]; Nobre 1938: 143–144, figs. 58.1, 69.1 [based on Nobre 1924, 1930]; $ Marques 1983: 4, fig. 8 [misidentification]; Pereira 1997: 333 [based on previous misidentifications]; $ Morton et al . 1998: 98, 169, figs. 5.2T, 8.8R [misidentification]; $ Wirtz 2009: 46 [misidentification]; Micael & Costa 2010: 323 [based on previous misidentifications]; $ Micael et al . 2010: 329 [misidentification]; Micael et al . 2012: 4 [based on previous misidentifications]; non Holothuria dakarensis Panning, 1939 — $ Rowe 1969: 153, 154 [misidentification]; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1992b: 154–155, 1999: 57, 2002: 287–288 [based on Rowe 1969]; Holothuria mammata Grube, 1840 —? $ Pawson & Shirley 1977: 915, 919; $ Borrero-Pérez et al . 2009: 51–69, figs. 1–7, 2010: 900, 2011: 1–12, figs. 1–4. Type locality: Mediterranean Sea. See: Tortonese (1965: 57, fig. 18); Borrero-Pérez et al . (2009). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, from south of Portugal to the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens and Canaries (Borrero-Pérez et al . 2009). Depth: 0–77 m (Perrier 1902, herein); a common presence in the low intertidal and infralitoral of the Azorean shores. Habitat: sand, mud, gravel to hard substrata, on sea-grass prairies and in large tide-pools (Hérouard 1923, Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1992b, 2002). Larval stage: planktotrophic (Domínguez-Godino et al . 2018). Commercial value: edible (Borrero-Pérez et al . 2009). Material examined: DBUA-ECH 394 (Poços, S„o Vicente, SMG, AZO, c. 37°50’06”N, 25°40’10”W, 1996.07. 17, 13 m; 1 spm, TL = c. 200 mm); DBUA-ECH 397 (Lajes, PIX, AZO, 38°23’22”N, 28°15’04”W, 2010.09.24, 1– 2 m; 10 spms, TL = 109–230 mm); DBUA-ECH 406 (Santa Cruz, FLS, AZO, 39°27’17.79”N, 31°07’30.48”W, 2011.04.23, intertidal; 14 spms, TL = 80–330 mm). Description: body cylindrical, flattened ventrally. Tegument smooth, not thick. Mouth subventral and anus terminal. Dorsal surface with large mammillate papillae organized in six irregular longitudinal rows. Presence of a collar of small oral papillae. Ventral surface with tube-feet organized more or less in three longitudinal series (middle one somewhat subdivided in two). Most animals eviscerated. Cuvierian tubules inconspicuous. Table discs spinose, arched and somewhat reduced; tables with tetrabasal spires, of moderate height, crowded by acicular spines. Buttons, thick with a rugose appearance, covered by numerous small pointed knobs and with three or more pairs of small holes. Colour: uniform dark brown. Remarks: in general, H . mammata can be easily distinguished from other shallow-water Holothuria species known to occur in the Azores by their inability to eject Cuvierian tubules (see remarks under H . sanctori ). Among the sea cucumbers inhabiting the Azorean shallow waters, H. mammata differs also by its well developed spinose ossicles. Though closely resembling Mediterranean H . tubulosa , this species is distinct by the presence of a Cuvierian organ, relatively larger dorsal papillae and relatively larger tables (Rowe 1969). Holothuria mammata is one of the most common elements of the Azorean shallow-water biota, particularly in relatively protected bays both natural ( e.g., natural lagoon in Lajes, Pico Island; Ávila et al . 2011) and manmade ( e.g., port of Ponta Delgada, S„o Miguel Island; personal observation ). However, it was only in 2009 that this species was identified with certainty in the archipelago by Borrero-Pérez and co-workers. Historically, H. mammata was frequently confused with a closely similar species from the Mediterranean Sea, H . tubulosa (Gmelin 1791). Both species present a high degree of morphological variability, and in some cases the individuals may present intermediate diagnostic characters. Borrero-Pérez et al . (2009) showed that Atlantic records of H . tubulosa were a result of misidentifications with H. mammata , given that the former is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, historical reports of H . tubulosa from the Azores should be considered as H . mammata . Another similar species, H . dakarensis Panning, 1939, was at one time included in the Azores echinoderm fauna by Rowe (1969). Pawson & Shirley (1977) believed that Rowe based his statement on specimens from Faial Island, deposited in the collection of the British Natural History Museum. On re-examination of this material, the authors concluded the animals belonged either to H . mammata or H . tubulosa . As the latter is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea these specimens are more likely to belong to H . mammata . Furthermore, Borrero-Pérez et al . (2009) also showed that in the Eastern Atlantic H . dakarensis is restricted to southern latitudes along the African coasts, from Senegal and Cape Verde to Angola. : Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161 : {"references": ["Grube, A. E. (1840) Actinien, Echinodermen und Wuermer des adriatischen und Mittelmeers, nach eigenen Sammlungen beschreiben. J. H Bon, Koenigsberg, 92 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 23025", "Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Vermes. In: Gmelin J. F. (Ed.), Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. Tome 1 (6). 13 th Edition. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 3910.", "Nobre, A. (1924) Contribuicies para a Fauna dos Acores. 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