PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887
Family PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 sensu Dumitrica (1989) Pylodiscida Haeckel, 1887: 409, 561-563 [as a family]. — Bütschli 1889: 1963 [as a family]. — Schröder 1909: 3 [as a family]. — Anderson 1983: [as a family]. Triopylida Haeckel, 1887:563 [ nomen dubium , as a subfamily]. Hexapylida Haeckel, 18...
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Biodiversity Taxonomy Suzuki, Noritoshi Caulet, Jean-Pierre Dumitrica, Paulian PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 |
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Biodiversity Taxonomy |
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Family PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 sensu Dumitrica (1989) Pylodiscida Haeckel, 1887: 409, 561-563 [as a family]. — Bütschli 1889: 1963 [as a family]. — Schröder 1909: 3 [as a family]. — Anderson 1983: [as a family]. Triopylida Haeckel, 1887:563 [ nomen dubium , as a subfamily]. Hexapylida Haeckel, 1887: 563, 567 [ nomen dubium , as a subfamily]. Discopylida Haeckel, 1887: 563, 571 [as a subfamily]. — Dreyer 1889: 38 [as a subfamily]. Pylodiscidae – Popofsky 1908: 225; Popofsky 1912: 142-143. — Clark & Campbell 1945: 24. — Campbell 1954: D92. — Chediya 1959: 144. — Tan & Su 1982: 156. — Dumitrica 1984: 102. — Chen & Tan 1996: 151. — Tan 1998: 232. — Tan & Chen 1999: 226-227. — Chen et al. 2017: 143. Discopylinae – Clark & Campbell 1945: 25. — Campbell 1954: D93. — Chediya 1959: 145. Pylodiscinae – Campbell 1954: D92. — Dumitrica 1989: 261. — De Wever et al. 2001: 152-153. — Afanasieva et al. 2005: S286. — Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 129. Triopylinae – Campbell 1954: D92 [ nomen dubium ]. — Chediya 1959: 144. Hexapylinae – Chediya 1959: 145 [ nomen dubium ]. TYPE GENUS. — Pylodiscus Haeckel, 1887: 570 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D92): Pylodiscus triangularis Haeckel, 1887: 570]. INCLUDED GENERA. — Pylodiscus Haeckel, 1887: 570 (= Pylolena synonymized by Zhang & Suzuki 2017: 25; Discopyle n. syn. , Discozonium n. syn. , Triodiscus n. syn. , Triolena n. syn. ,? Trilobatum n. syn. ). — Sphaeropylolena Zhang & Suzuki, 2017: 38. NOMINA DUBIA. — Hexapyle , Triopyle . DIAGNOSIS. — Larcospiroidea with a three-ray first system (medullary shell) derived from the bifurcation of the antapical Tetrapyle - type sagittal arch. The following systems repeat the aforementioned or change the growth mode. The protoplasm is well documented in Sphaeropylolena . The endoplasm fills the shell but not its outer part. An ectoplasmic membrane wraps the entirety of the skeleton, including the spines. No algal symbionts were detected. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Late Miocene-Living. REMARKS Recognition of the pylodiscid-type triangular center is key differentiating this family from the Larcospiridae. In the Pylodiscidae, the triangular center forms an isosceles triangle (De Wever et al. 2001: 153, fig. 90.2). The isosceles triangle is determined by the presence of three gates (the apertures formed by the lateral views of three girdles) and the surface view of other three girdles (that have an arm-like appearance). Some genera in the Larcospiridae (e.g., the Larcopyle -form of Tholospira ) also show an isosceles triangle center in some illustrations (Zhang & Suzuki 2017: 12, figs 5.4). The noticeable visible difference between the Pylodiscidae and Larcospiridae is the position of the microsphere (S1a). The microsphere is always located on the base line of the isosceles triangle in the Pylodiscidae whereas it is always situated in the center of the isosceles triangle in the Larcospiridae. The internal skeletal structure of Pylodiscus (Dumitrica 1989: pl. 15, figs 1, 4-6; Takahashi 1991: pl. 23, fig. 7) and Sphaeropylolena (van de Paverd 1995: pl. 59, fig. 2) was illustrated. Protoplasm and algal symbionts have been already documented by epi-fluorescent observation with DAPI dyeing in Sphaeropylolena (Zhang et al. 2018: 17, fig. 11). In certain cases, Sphaeropylolena was found to be infected with the Marine Alveolata Group I (Ikenoue et al. 2016). VALIDITY OF GENERA Pylodiscus The same morphological terminology used for the Amphitholidae is also applicable for the Pylodiscidae with a few modifications. The G1-mode girdle turns vertically to the equatorial plane (the Fr-plane in Zhang & Suzuki 2017: fig. 4), the G2-mode girdle turns sideways to the Fr-plane so as to connect the adjacent G1-mode girdles, and the G3-mode girdle developed in a parallel to the Fr-plane in order to cover the gate formed by the G2-mode girdle. The Pylodiscidae sensu Campbell (1954) are divided into the Triopylinae ( Triodiscus and Triolena as available name) with two pseudo-concentric shells, the Pylodiscinae with three pseudo-concentric shells ( Pylodiscus and Pylolena ), and the Discopylinae ( Discopyle and Discozonium ) with four pseudo-concentric shells (Campbell 1954: D92-93). Each subfamily is subdivided into three geometric genera by the G1-mode form ( Pylolena , Triolena ), the G2-mode form ( Triodiscus , Discozonium ), and the G3-mode form ( Pylodiscus , Discopyle ). The visualized ontogenetic growth of Pylodiscus indicates that all these six genera are named for different ontogenetic modes (Zhang & Suzuki 2017: fig. 15). Trilobatum is defined by a triparted-lobular central chamber and solid radial spines on the shell margin (Campbell 1954: D92). This triparted-lobular central chamber looks similar to the G1-mode with the two pseudo-concentric shells but exact anatomical studies have not been carried out for this genus. All the available genera except Trilobatum were simultaneously published in Haeckel (1887). In respect to Zhang & Suzuki (2017), Pylolena is validated among them. : Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 453, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757 : {"references": ["HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 23487916", "DUMITRICA P. 1989. - Internal skeletal structures of the superfamily Pyloniacea (Radiolaria), a basis of a new systematics. Revista espanola de Micropaleontologia 21 (2): 207 - 264.", "BUTSCHLI O. 1889. - Kurze Ubersicht des Systems der Radiolaria, in BRONN H. G. & HOFFMANN C. K. (eds), Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, Band 1, Protozoa. Vol. 3. C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig und Heidelberg: 1946 - 2004. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14134", "SCHRODER O. 1909. - Die nordischen Spumellarian: Unterlegion Sphaerellaria, in BRANDT K. & APSTEIN C. (eds), Nordisches Plankton. Vol. 17. Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel and Leipzig, Germany: 1 - 66.", "DREYER F. 1889. - Die Pylombildungen in vergleichend-anatomischer und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Beziehung bei Radiolarien und bei Protisten uberhaupt. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 23: 77 - 214. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11964620", "POPOFSKY A. 1908. - Die Radiolarien der Antarktis (mit Ausnahme der Tripyleen), in DRYGALSKI E. (ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903. Vol. 10. Georg Reimer, Berlin, Germany: 183 - 306. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5955366", "POPOFSKY A. 1912. - Die Sphaerellarien des Warmwassergebietes, in DRYGALSKI E. (ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903. Vol. 13. Georg Reimer, Berlin, Germany: 73 - 159. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2138893", "CLARK B. L. & CAMPBELL A. S. 1945. - Radiolaria from the Kreyenhagen Formation near Los Banos, California. Geological Society of America, Memoir 101: i-vii, 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / MEM 10", "CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195.", "CHEDIYA D. M. 1959. - Obzor Sistematiki Radiolyarii, Tadzhikskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, Stalingrad, 330 and corrigenda p. [in Russian]", "TAN Z. Y. & SU X. H. 1982. - Studies on the Radiolaria in sediments of the East China Sea (Continental Shelf). Studia marina sinica 19: 129 - 216. [in Chinese]", "DUMITRICA P. 1984. - Systematics of Sphaerellarian radiolarian, in PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & STEPANJANTS S. D. (eds), Morphology, ecology and evolution of radiolarians. Material from the IV symposium of European radiolarists EURORAD IV. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR: 91 - 102. [in Russian]", "CHEN M. & TAN Z. 1996. - Radiolaria from Surface Sediments of the Central and Northern South China Sea. Scene Publishing House, Beijing, 271 p. [in Chinese]", "TAN Z. Y. 1998. - Phylum Protozoa. Class Sacodina. Order Acantharia. Order Spumellaria, Fauna Sinica, Protozoa, 315 p. [in Chinese]", "TAN Z. Y. & CHEN M. H. 1999. - Offshore Radiolaria in China. China. Scientific Publications, 1 - 404 p. [in Chinese]", "CHEN M., ZHANG Q. & ZHANG L. 2017. - Radiolaria in the Sediments from the Northwest Pacific and its marginal seas. Scientific Publishing, Beijing, 1 - 279 p. [in Chinese]", "DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181", "AFANASIEVA M. S., AMON E. O., AGARKOV Y. V. & BOLTOVSKOY D. S. 2005. - Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (3, Suppl. S.): 135 - 392.", "AFANASIEVA M. S. & AMON E. O. 2006. - Biotic crises and stages of radiolarian evolution in the Phanerozoic. Paleontological Journal 40 (4): S 453 - S 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030106100054", "ZHANG L. L. & SUZUKI N. 2017. - Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean. Palaeontologia Electronica 20.3.48 A: 1 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 718", "TAKAHASHI K. 1991. - Radiolaria: Flux, Ecology, and Taxonomy in the Pacific and Atlantic, in HONJO S. (ed.), Ocean Biocoenosis Series. Vol. 3. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts: 1 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1575 / 1912 / 408", "VAN DE PAVERD P. J. 1995. - Recent Polycystine Radiolaria from the Snellius-II Expedition [PhD Thesis]: Free University, 351 p.", "ZHANG L. L., SUZUKI N., NAKAMURA Y. & TUJI A. 2018. - Modern shallow water radiolarians with photosynthetic microbiota in the western North Pacific. Marine Micropaleontology 139: 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marmicro. 2017.10.007", "IKENOUE T., BJORKLUND K. R., DUMITRICA P., KRABBEROD A. K., KIMOTO K., MATSUNO K. & HARADA N. 2016. - Two new living Entactinaria (Radiolaria) species from the Arctic province: Joergensenium arcticum n. sp. and Joergensenium clevei n. sp. Marine Micropaleontology 124: 75 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marmicro. 2016.02.003"]} |
format |
Text |
author |
Suzuki, Noritoshi Caulet, Jean-Pierre Dumitrica, Paulian |
author_facet |
Suzuki, Noritoshi Caulet, Jean-Pierre Dumitrica, Paulian |
author_sort |
Suzuki, Noritoshi |
title |
PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 |
title_short |
PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 |
title_full |
PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 |
title_fullStr |
PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 |
title_full_unstemmed |
PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 |
title_sort |
pylodiscidae haeckel, 1887 |
publisher |
Zenodo |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106741 https://zenodo.org/record/5106741 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-86.200,-86.200,-77.800,-77.800) ENVELOPE(-61.000,-61.000,-64.717,-64.717) ENVELOPE(-124.937,-124.937,61.417,61.417) ENVELOPE(-62.700,-62.700,-72.164,-72.164) |
geographic |
Arctic Pacific Indian Reimer Drygalski The Gate Wever |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Pacific Indian Reimer Drygalski The Gate Wever |
genre |
Antarktis* Arctic |
genre_facet |
Antarktis* Arctic |
op_relation |
http://zenodo.org/record/5101757 http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB4A20BFF94FE350535FFD1FFF94F6C http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit https://dx.doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15 http://zenodo.org/record/5101757 http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB4A20BFF94FE350535FFD1FFF94F6C http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106740 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit |
op_rights |
Open Access Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode cc0-1.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_rightsnorm |
CC0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106741 https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106740 |
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1766287313467342848 |
spelling |
ftdatacite:10.5281/zenodo.5106741 2023-05-15T14:14:59+02:00 PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 Suzuki, Noritoshi Caulet, Jean-Pierre Dumitrica, Paulian 2021 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106741 https://zenodo.org/record/5106741 unknown Zenodo http://zenodo.org/record/5101757 http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB4A20BFF94FE350535FFD1FFF94F6C http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit https://dx.doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15 http://zenodo.org/record/5101757 http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB4A20BFF94FE350535FFD1FFF94F6C http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106740 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit Open Access Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode cc0-1.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC0 Biodiversity Taxonomy Taxonomic treatment article-journal Text ScholarlyArticle 2021 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106741 https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106740 2022-02-08T12:55:18Z Family PYLODISCIDAE Haeckel, 1887 sensu Dumitrica (1989) Pylodiscida Haeckel, 1887: 409, 561-563 [as a family]. — Bütschli 1889: 1963 [as a family]. — Schröder 1909: 3 [as a family]. — Anderson 1983: [as a family]. Triopylida Haeckel, 1887:563 [ nomen dubium , as a subfamily]. Hexapylida Haeckel, 1887: 563, 567 [ nomen dubium , as a subfamily]. Discopylida Haeckel, 1887: 563, 571 [as a subfamily]. — Dreyer 1889: 38 [as a subfamily]. Pylodiscidae – Popofsky 1908: 225; Popofsky 1912: 142-143. — Clark & Campbell 1945: 24. — Campbell 1954: D92. — Chediya 1959: 144. — Tan & Su 1982: 156. — Dumitrica 1984: 102. — Chen & Tan 1996: 151. — Tan 1998: 232. — Tan & Chen 1999: 226-227. — Chen et al. 2017: 143. Discopylinae – Clark & Campbell 1945: 25. — Campbell 1954: D93. — Chediya 1959: 145. Pylodiscinae – Campbell 1954: D92. — Dumitrica 1989: 261. — De Wever et al. 2001: 152-153. — Afanasieva et al. 2005: S286. — Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 129. Triopylinae – Campbell 1954: D92 [ nomen dubium ]. — Chediya 1959: 144. Hexapylinae – Chediya 1959: 145 [ nomen dubium ]. TYPE GENUS. — Pylodiscus Haeckel, 1887: 570 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D92): Pylodiscus triangularis Haeckel, 1887: 570]. INCLUDED GENERA. — Pylodiscus Haeckel, 1887: 570 (= Pylolena synonymized by Zhang & Suzuki 2017: 25; Discopyle n. syn. , Discozonium n. syn. , Triodiscus n. syn. , Triolena n. syn. ,? Trilobatum n. syn. ). — Sphaeropylolena Zhang & Suzuki, 2017: 38. NOMINA DUBIA. — Hexapyle , Triopyle . DIAGNOSIS. — Larcospiroidea with a three-ray first system (medullary shell) derived from the bifurcation of the antapical Tetrapyle - type sagittal arch. The following systems repeat the aforementioned or change the growth mode. The protoplasm is well documented in Sphaeropylolena . The endoplasm fills the shell but not its outer part. An ectoplasmic membrane wraps the entirety of the skeleton, including the spines. No algal symbionts were detected. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Late Miocene-Living. REMARKS Recognition of the pylodiscid-type triangular center is key differentiating this family from the Larcospiridae. In the Pylodiscidae, the triangular center forms an isosceles triangle (De Wever et al. 2001: 153, fig. 90.2). The isosceles triangle is determined by the presence of three gates (the apertures formed by the lateral views of three girdles) and the surface view of other three girdles (that have an arm-like appearance). Some genera in the Larcospiridae (e.g., the Larcopyle -form of Tholospira ) also show an isosceles triangle center in some illustrations (Zhang & Suzuki 2017: 12, figs 5.4). The noticeable visible difference between the Pylodiscidae and Larcospiridae is the position of the microsphere (S1a). The microsphere is always located on the base line of the isosceles triangle in the Pylodiscidae whereas it is always situated in the center of the isosceles triangle in the Larcospiridae. The internal skeletal structure of Pylodiscus (Dumitrica 1989: pl. 15, figs 1, 4-6; Takahashi 1991: pl. 23, fig. 7) and Sphaeropylolena (van de Paverd 1995: pl. 59, fig. 2) was illustrated. Protoplasm and algal symbionts have been already documented by epi-fluorescent observation with DAPI dyeing in Sphaeropylolena (Zhang et al. 2018: 17, fig. 11). In certain cases, Sphaeropylolena was found to be infected with the Marine Alveolata Group I (Ikenoue et al. 2016). VALIDITY OF GENERA Pylodiscus The same morphological terminology used for the Amphitholidae is also applicable for the Pylodiscidae with a few modifications. The G1-mode girdle turns vertically to the equatorial plane (the Fr-plane in Zhang & Suzuki 2017: fig. 4), the G2-mode girdle turns sideways to the Fr-plane so as to connect the adjacent G1-mode girdles, and the G3-mode girdle developed in a parallel to the Fr-plane in order to cover the gate formed by the G2-mode girdle. The Pylodiscidae sensu Campbell (1954) are divided into the Triopylinae ( Triodiscus and Triolena as available name) with two pseudo-concentric shells, the Pylodiscinae with three pseudo-concentric shells ( Pylodiscus and Pylolena ), and the Discopylinae ( Discopyle and Discozonium ) with four pseudo-concentric shells (Campbell 1954: D92-93). Each subfamily is subdivided into three geometric genera by the G1-mode form ( Pylolena , Triolena ), the G2-mode form ( Triodiscus , Discozonium ), and the G3-mode form ( Pylodiscus , Discopyle ). The visualized ontogenetic growth of Pylodiscus indicates that all these six genera are named for different ontogenetic modes (Zhang & Suzuki 2017: fig. 15). Trilobatum is defined by a triparted-lobular central chamber and solid radial spines on the shell margin (Campbell 1954: D92). This triparted-lobular central chamber looks similar to the G1-mode with the two pseudo-concentric shells but exact anatomical studies have not been carried out for this genus. All the available genera except Trilobatum were simultaneously published in Haeckel (1887). In respect to Zhang & Suzuki (2017), Pylolena is validated among them. : Published as part of Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, pp. 405-573 in Geodiversitas 43 (15) on page 453, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15, http://zenodo.org/record/5101757 : {"references": ["HAECKEL E. 1887. - Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology 18: clxxxviii + 1803. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 23487916", "DUMITRICA P. 1989. - Internal skeletal structures of the superfamily Pyloniacea (Radiolaria), a basis of a new systematics. Revista espanola de Micropaleontologia 21 (2): 207 - 264.", "BUTSCHLI O. 1889. - Kurze Ubersicht des Systems der Radiolaria, in BRONN H. G. & HOFFMANN C. K. (eds), Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, Band 1, Protozoa. Vol. 3. C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig und Heidelberg: 1946 - 2004. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14134", "SCHRODER O. 1909. - Die nordischen Spumellarian: Unterlegion Sphaerellaria, in BRANDT K. & APSTEIN C. (eds), Nordisches Plankton. Vol. 17. Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel and Leipzig, Germany: 1 - 66.", "DREYER F. 1889. - Die Pylombildungen in vergleichend-anatomischer und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Beziehung bei Radiolarien und bei Protisten uberhaupt. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 23: 77 - 214. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11964620", "POPOFSKY A. 1908. - Die Radiolarien der Antarktis (mit Ausnahme der Tripyleen), in DRYGALSKI E. (ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903. Vol. 10. Georg Reimer, Berlin, Germany: 183 - 306. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5955366", "POPOFSKY A. 1912. - Die Sphaerellarien des Warmwassergebietes, in DRYGALSKI E. (ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903. Vol. 13. Georg Reimer, Berlin, Germany: 73 - 159. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2138893", "CLARK B. L. & CAMPBELL A. S. 1945. - Radiolaria from the Kreyenhagen Formation near Los Banos, California. Geological Society of America, Memoir 101: i-vii, 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / MEM 10", "CAMPBELL A. S. 1954. - Radiolaria, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part. D, Protista 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence / Kansas: 11 - 195.", "CHEDIYA D. M. 1959. - Obzor Sistematiki Radiolyarii, Tadzhikskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, Stalingrad, 330 and corrigenda p. [in Russian]", "TAN Z. Y. & SU X. H. 1982. - Studies on the Radiolaria in sediments of the East China Sea (Continental Shelf). Studia marina sinica 19: 129 - 216. [in Chinese]", "DUMITRICA P. 1984. - Systematics of Sphaerellarian radiolarian, in PETRUSHEVSKAYA M. G. & STEPANJANTS S. D. (eds), Morphology, ecology and evolution of radiolarians. Material from the IV symposium of European radiolarists EURORAD IV. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR: 91 - 102. [in Russian]", "CHEN M. & TAN Z. 1996. - Radiolaria from Surface Sediments of the Central and Northern South China Sea. Scene Publishing House, Beijing, 271 p. [in Chinese]", "TAN Z. Y. 1998. - Phylum Protozoa. Class Sacodina. Order Acantharia. Order Spumellaria, Fauna Sinica, Protozoa, 315 p. [in Chinese]", "TAN Z. Y. & CHEN M. H. 1999. - Offshore Radiolaria in China. China. Scientific Publications, 1 - 404 p. [in Chinese]", "CHEN M., ZHANG Q. & ZHANG L. 2017. - Radiolaria in the Sediments from the Northwest Pacific and its marginal seas. Scientific Publishing, Beijing, 1 - 279 p. [in Chinese]", "DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the sedimentary record, Amsterdam, 533 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781482283181", "AFANASIEVA M. S., AMON E. O., AGARKOV Y. V. & BOLTOVSKOY D. S. 2005. - Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (3, Suppl. S.): 135 - 392.", "AFANASIEVA M. S. & AMON E. O. 2006. - Biotic crises and stages of radiolarian evolution in the Phanerozoic. Paleontological Journal 40 (4): S 453 - S 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030106100054", "ZHANG L. 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