Monotheca bergstadi Gil & Ramil 2021, sp. nov.
Monotheca bergstadi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3BFDE359-6A4B-4910-9AB5-226193B6584E Figs 7C–D, 8; Table 12 Plumularia pulchella – Millard 1957: 232; 1962: 300; 1966: 493; 1975: 398–399, fig. 125c–d [not Monotheca pulchella (Bale, 1882)]. Diagnosis Colonies monosiphonic, mostly unbranched. Hy...
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Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Cnidaria Hydrozoa Fabales Fabaceae Monotheca Monotheca bergstadi |
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Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Cnidaria Hydrozoa Fabales Fabaceae Monotheca Monotheca bergstadi Gil, Marta Ramil, Fran Monotheca bergstadi Gil & Ramil 2021, sp. nov. |
topic_facet |
Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Cnidaria Hydrozoa Fabales Fabaceae Monotheca Monotheca bergstadi |
description |
Monotheca bergstadi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3BFDE359-6A4B-4910-9AB5-226193B6584E Figs 7C–D, 8; Table 12 Plumularia pulchella – Millard 1957: 232; 1962: 300; 1966: 493; 1975: 398–399, fig. 125c–d [not Monotheca pulchella (Bale, 1882)]. Diagnosis Colonies monosiphonic, mostly unbranched. Hydrocaulus divided into internodes by straight nodes, each internode bearing one apophysis and three nematothecae. Hydrocladia composed of two internodes: one athecate proximal without nematothecae, with two internal perisarcal rings, and one thecate distal bearing a hydrotheca and three nematothecae. Hydrotheca deep campanulate and abcauline wall concave. Mesial inferior nematotheca long and lateral nematothecae short. Gonothecae arising frontally, large, barrel-shaped and smooth-walled. Etymology The specific name bergstadi honours Dr. Odd Aksel Bergstad, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway, leader of the SEAFO 2015 cruise, in recognition of his wide contribution to deep-sea research. Material examined Holotype SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN • colony, 10 mm high, with gonothecae; Vema Seamount, stn BT5; 31°37′16″–31°36′58″ S, 8°22′37″–8°23′06″ E; 71–94 m depth; 31 Jan. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; LZM- UV slide R. 582; SAMC-A092083. Paratypes SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN • 7 colonies, 8–13 mm high (2 growing on algae), 3 colonies, with gonothecae; same collection data as for holotype; SEAFO-2015-40042, SEAFO-2015-40167, SEAFO-2015-40572, SEAFO-2015-40768. Additional material SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN • 1 colony, 10 mm high growing on algae, with gonothecae; Vema Seamount, stn PT4; 31°39′43″–31°38′10″ S, 8°22′37″–8°23′42″ E; 50–108 m depth; 31 Jan. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; SEAFO-2015-40137 • 1 colony, growing on bryozoan, without gonothecae; Vema Seamount, stn GRAB9C; 31°36′09″ S, 8°22′29″ E; 84 m depth; 31 Jan. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; SEAFO-2015-40080 • 1 colony, without gonothecae; Vema Seamount, stn GRAB12B; 31°37′56″ S, 8°23′12″ E; 89 m depth; 1 Feb. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; SEAFO-2015-40245. Description Colonies composed of a reticulate hydrorhiza growing on algae and a bryozoan, supporting erect, monosiphonic and mostly unbranched, occasionally branched once, hydrocauli (Fig. 7C). Stem regularly divided into internodes by straight nodes, each bearing a latero-distal apophysis and three nematothecae: two axillar, flanking the apophysis and one on the basal half on the opposite side. Apophyses alternately directed left and right and disposed almost in the same plane (Fig. 8A). Hydrocladia inserted on apophyses and composed of two internodes: one athecate basal and one thecate distal. Basal internode short, without nematothecae and with two internal perisarcal rings, one basal and the other distal. Thecate internode slightly longer than athecate, with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and a pair of laterals (Figs 7D, 8A). Hydrotheca deep campanulate, adcauline wall fully adnate to internode, abcauline wall concave, margin straight, smooth and slightly flared. Mesial nematotheca long, reaching or even surpassing the middle of the abcauline wall of hydrotheca. Lateral nematothecae comparatively shorter and placed on small, yet distinct apophyses reaching the hydrothecal rim (Fig. 7D). All nematothecae two-chambered and movable; rim of upper chamber even throughout. Gonothecae arising frontally from apophyses of hydrocladia; large, barrel-shaped, smooth-walled, truncated apically; aperture wide and circular; operculum not observed (Figs 7C, 8B–C). Remarks The validity of the genus Monotheca or its synonymy with Plumularia Lamarck, 1816 has been widely discussed during the last few years in the literature. Watson (2011) and Calder (2019) indicated that, despite the traditional interpretation of the genus, Monotheca might involve a polyphyletic group. Indeed, some molecular analyses (Leclère et al. 2007, 2009; Moura et al. 2008; Maronna et al. 2016) revealed that the type species of both genera, Monotheca margaretta Nutting, 1900 and Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758), respectively, did not cluster together. In addition, the latest molecular study of the superfamily Plumularioidea (Moura et al. 2018) supports the validity of Monotheca . Taking into account that the new species is closely allied to M. margaretta , we have decided to assign it to this genus, under the name Monotheca bergstadi sp. nov. Our material is closely related to four nominal species of Monotheca , namely M. margaretta Nutting, 1900, M. pulchella (Bale, 1882), M. flexuosa (Bale, 1894) and M. femina (García, Aguirre & González, 1978). The latter is currently accepted as a junior synonym of M. margaretta (Calder 1977; Ansín Agís et al. 2001; Schuchert 2020; as Plumularia margaretta ), and we agree. The remaining valid species are easily recognizable by the morphology of their gonothecae. In M. margaretta , they are barrel-shaped, with well-developed transverse ridges and a broad, apical aperture (Calder 1997; Ansín Agís et al. 2001); in M. pulchella the gonothecae are ovate, with an obliquely truncate aperture with a submarginal row of large, internal teeth surrounded by large, internal teeth (Bale 1882; Ralph 1961; Watson 1973, 2011); finally, in M. flexuosa , the gonothecae are fusiform, with slightly undulated walls and a rather small, apical aperture produced into a neck of variable height (Bale 1894; Watson 2011). In addition, M. margaretta is an amphi-Atlantic species, whereas M. pulchella and M. flexuosa are predominately Indo-Pacific. Nevertheless, M. pulchella was reported several times from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (for a review, see Calder 1997 and Ansín Agís et al. 2001), and the actual status of these records have been subjected to different interpretations in the literature. The records from the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, all with annulated and barrel-shaped gonothecae, were included in M. margaretta by Calder (1997) and Ansín Agís et al. (2001), and we agree with this conclusion, despite the fact that Watson (2011) considers that they are conspecific with M. flexuosa . The records of M. pulchella from the Mediterranean (Bouillon et al. 2004) are based on the material studied by García Corrales et al. (1978, as Plumularia femina ) and Medel & Vervoort (1995), and belong to M. margaretta , despite some figures (Bouillon et al . 2004: fig. 92h, j) being based on Millard (1975: fig. 125c–d) and representing a different species (see below). The records of M. pulchella from the Argentinian coast (Blanco 1973, 1994; Genzano 1990, 1994; all as Plumularia pulchela ), were provisionally placed under M. margaretta by Ansín Agís et al. (2001) because the involved colonies were sterile. The morphology of the colonies collected at the Vema Seamount studied in this report, with respect to their tropho- and gonosome, completely coincides with those described by Millard (1975) as M. pulchella from South Africa and the Vema Seamount. This material, characterized by its barrel-shaped, smooth-walled gonothecae, is clearly distinct from the current concept of M. pulchella , and also from other previously discussed species. In fact, Watson (2011) excluded the South African records from the synonymy of M. pulchella , but did not assign them to any known species of Monotheca . Consequently, we consider that this material represents a new species, for which we propose the name M. bergstadi sp. nov. Distribution Monotheca bergstadi sp. nov. has previously been reported from Vema Seamount (Millard 1966, as Plumularia pulchella ) and South Africa, from the west coast of Cape Peninsula to Natal (Millard 1957, 1962, 1975; all as P. pulchella ). Its bathymetric distribution extends from the littoral zone to a depth of 100 m (Millard 1975, as P. pulchella ). : Published as part of Gil, Marta & Ramil, Fran, 2021, Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Vema and Valdivia seamounts (SE Atlantic), pp. 49-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 758 on pages 78-82, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1425, http://zenodo.org/record/5088125 : {"references": ["Millard N. A. H. 1957. The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 43: 173 - 243.", "Millard N. A. H. 1962. The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part I. The Plumulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum 46 (11): 261 - 319.", "Millard N. A. H. 1966. Hydroids of the Vema Seamount. Annals of the South African Museum 48: 489 - 496.", "Bale W. M. 1882. On the Hydroida of south-eastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species, and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Journal of the Microscopical Society of Victoria 2 (1): 15 - 48.", "Watson J. E. 2011. Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 68 (1): 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2011.68.05", "Calder D. R. 2019. On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the southwest coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa 4689 (1): 1 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4689.1.1", "Leclere L., Schuchert P. & Manuel M. 2007. Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta 36: 371 - 394. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2007.00283. x", "Leclere L., Schuchert P., Cruaud C., Couloux A. & Manuel M. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology 58: 509 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syp 044", "Moura C. J., Harris D. J., Cunha M. R. & Rogers A. D. 2008. DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity in marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from coastal and deep-sea environments. Zoologica Scripta 37: 93 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2007.00312. x", "Maronna M. M., Miranda T. P., Pena Cantero A. L., Barbeitos M. S. & Marques A. C. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientific Reports 6: 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 18075", "Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvius, Stockholm. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542", "Moura C. J., Lessios H., Cortes J., Nizinski M. S., Reed J., Santos R. S. & Collins A. G. 2018. Hundreds of genetic barcodes of the species-rich hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) provide a guide toward more reliable taxonomy. Scientific Reports 8 (1): 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 018 - 35528 - 8", "Bale W. M. 1894. Further notes on Australian hydroids, with descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 6: 93 - 117.", "Garcia Corrales P., Aguirre Inchaurbe A. & Gonzalez Mora D. 1978. Contribucion al conocimiento de los hidrozoos de las costas espanolas. Parte I: Halecidos, campanularidos y plumularidos. Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia 5 (273): 5 - 73.", "Ansin Agis J., Ramil F. & Vervoort W. 2001. Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopterididae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 333: 1 - 268.", "Schuchert P. 2020. World Hydrozoa Database. Available from http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa / [accessed 14 Jan. 2021].", "Calder D. R. 1997. Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: superfamily Plumularioidea. Life Sciences Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum 161: 1 - 85.", "Ralph P. M. 1961. New Zealand thecate hydroids, pt. III. Family Sertulariidae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 88 (4): 749 - 838.", "Watson J. E. 1973. Pearson Island Expedition, 1969. - 9. Hydroids. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 97 (3): 153 - 200. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41079927 [accessed 15 Jun. 2021].", "Bouillon J., Medel M. D., Pages F., Gili J. M., Boero F. & Gravili C. 2004. Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina 68 (2): 5 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2004.68 s 25", "Medel M. D. & Vervoort W. 1995. Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the strait of Gibraltar and nearby areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 300: 1 - 72.", "Blanco O. M. 1973. Nuevos plumularidos para aguas Argentinas. Neotropica 19: 73 - 78.", "Blanco O. M. 1994. Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los Hydroida de la Republica Argentina. Suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata 14 (161): 181 - 216.", "Genzano G. N. 1990. Hidropolipos (Cnidaria) de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Neritica 5 (1): 35 - 54.", "Genzano G. N. 1994. La comunidad hidroide del intermareal rocoso de Mar del Plata (Argentina). I. Estacionalidad, abundancia y periodos reproductivos. Cahiers de Biologie marine 35 (3): 289 - 303."]} |
format |
Text |
author |
Gil, Marta Ramil, Fran |
author_facet |
Gil, Marta Ramil, Fran |
author_sort |
Gil, Marta |
title |
Monotheca bergstadi Gil & Ramil 2021, sp. nov. |
title_short |
Monotheca bergstadi Gil & Ramil 2021, sp. nov. |
title_full |
Monotheca bergstadi Gil & Ramil 2021, sp. nov. |
title_fullStr |
Monotheca bergstadi Gil & Ramil 2021, sp. nov. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Monotheca bergstadi Gil & Ramil 2021, sp. nov. |
title_sort |
monotheca bergstadi gil & ramil 2021, sp. nov. |
publisher |
Zenodo |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5093693 https://zenodo.org/record/5093693 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(140.027,140.027,-66.666,-66.666) ENVELOPE(-55.233,-55.233,-61.250,-61.250) ENVELOPE(-58.250,-58.250,-63.917,-63.917) ENVELOPE(40.562,40.562,63.490,63.490) ENVELOPE(-57.933,-57.933,-63.317,-63.317) ENVELOPE(28.483,28.483,66.450,66.450) ENVELOPE(-60.366,-60.366,-62.716,-62.716) ENVELOPE(19.419,19.419,69.258,69.258) |
geographic |
Pacific Norway New Zealand Argentina Bergen Lamarck Blanco Gonzalez Pena Aguirre Moura False Bay Bergstad |
geographic_facet |
Pacific Norway New Zealand Argentina Bergen Lamarck Blanco Gonzalez Pena Aguirre Moura False Bay Bergstad |
genre |
Northeast Atlantic South Atlantic Ocean |
genre_facet |
Northeast Atlantic South Atlantic Ocean |
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op_rights |
Open Access Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode cc0-1.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_rightsnorm |
CC0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5093693 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1425 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5088145 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5088147 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5093694 |
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ftdatacite:10.5281/zenodo.5093693 2023-05-15T17:41:50+02:00 Monotheca bergstadi Gil & Ramil 2021, sp. nov. Gil, Marta Ramil, Fran 2021 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5093693 https://zenodo.org/record/5093693 unknown Zenodo http://zenodo.org/record/5088125 http://publication.plazi.org/id/17562A29FFB2FF9BEF24FFE6336CFFF9 http://zoobank.org/7CA6D8AC-2312-47F9-8C17-528B94E4C8A7 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit https://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1425 http://zenodo.org/record/5088125 http://publication.plazi.org/id/17562A29FFB2FF9BEF24FFE6336CFFF9 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5088145 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5088147 http://zoobank.org/7CA6D8AC-2312-47F9-8C17-528B94E4C8A7 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5093694 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit Open Access Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode cc0-1.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC0 Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Cnidaria Hydrozoa Fabales Fabaceae Monotheca Monotheca bergstadi Text Taxonomic treatment article-journal ScholarlyArticle 2021 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5093693 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1425 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5088145 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5088147 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5093694 2021-11-05T12:55:41Z Monotheca bergstadi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3BFDE359-6A4B-4910-9AB5-226193B6584E Figs 7C–D, 8; Table 12 Plumularia pulchella – Millard 1957: 232; 1962: 300; 1966: 493; 1975: 398–399, fig. 125c–d [not Monotheca pulchella (Bale, 1882)]. Diagnosis Colonies monosiphonic, mostly unbranched. Hydrocaulus divided into internodes by straight nodes, each internode bearing one apophysis and three nematothecae. Hydrocladia composed of two internodes: one athecate proximal without nematothecae, with two internal perisarcal rings, and one thecate distal bearing a hydrotheca and three nematothecae. Hydrotheca deep campanulate and abcauline wall concave. Mesial inferior nematotheca long and lateral nematothecae short. Gonothecae arising frontally, large, barrel-shaped and smooth-walled. Etymology The specific name bergstadi honours Dr. Odd Aksel Bergstad, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway, leader of the SEAFO 2015 cruise, in recognition of his wide contribution to deep-sea research. Material examined Holotype SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN • colony, 10 mm high, with gonothecae; Vema Seamount, stn BT5; 31°37′16″–31°36′58″ S, 8°22′37″–8°23′06″ E; 71–94 m depth; 31 Jan. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; LZM- UV slide R. 582; SAMC-A092083. Paratypes SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN • 7 colonies, 8–13 mm high (2 growing on algae), 3 colonies, with gonothecae; same collection data as for holotype; SEAFO-2015-40042, SEAFO-2015-40167, SEAFO-2015-40572, SEAFO-2015-40768. Additional material SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN • 1 colony, 10 mm high growing on algae, with gonothecae; Vema Seamount, stn PT4; 31°39′43″–31°38′10″ S, 8°22′37″–8°23′42″ E; 50–108 m depth; 31 Jan. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; SEAFO-2015-40137 • 1 colony, growing on bryozoan, without gonothecae; Vema Seamount, stn GRAB9C; 31°36′09″ S, 8°22′29″ E; 84 m depth; 31 Jan. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; SEAFO-2015-40080 • 1 colony, without gonothecae; Vema Seamount, stn GRAB12B; 31°37′56″ S, 8°23′12″ E; 89 m depth; 1 Feb. 2015; SEAFO-2015 leg.; SEAFO-2015-40245. Description Colonies composed of a reticulate hydrorhiza growing on algae and a bryozoan, supporting erect, monosiphonic and mostly unbranched, occasionally branched once, hydrocauli (Fig. 7C). Stem regularly divided into internodes by straight nodes, each bearing a latero-distal apophysis and three nematothecae: two axillar, flanking the apophysis and one on the basal half on the opposite side. Apophyses alternately directed left and right and disposed almost in the same plane (Fig. 8A). Hydrocladia inserted on apophyses and composed of two internodes: one athecate basal and one thecate distal. Basal internode short, without nematothecae and with two internal perisarcal rings, one basal and the other distal. Thecate internode slightly longer than athecate, with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae: one mesial inferior and a pair of laterals (Figs 7D, 8A). Hydrotheca deep campanulate, adcauline wall fully adnate to internode, abcauline wall concave, margin straight, smooth and slightly flared. Mesial nematotheca long, reaching or even surpassing the middle of the abcauline wall of hydrotheca. Lateral nematothecae comparatively shorter and placed on small, yet distinct apophyses reaching the hydrothecal rim (Fig. 7D). All nematothecae two-chambered and movable; rim of upper chamber even throughout. Gonothecae arising frontally from apophyses of hydrocladia; large, barrel-shaped, smooth-walled, truncated apically; aperture wide and circular; operculum not observed (Figs 7C, 8B–C). Remarks The validity of the genus Monotheca or its synonymy with Plumularia Lamarck, 1816 has been widely discussed during the last few years in the literature. Watson (2011) and Calder (2019) indicated that, despite the traditional interpretation of the genus, Monotheca might involve a polyphyletic group. Indeed, some molecular analyses (Leclère et al. 2007, 2009; Moura et al. 2008; Maronna et al. 2016) revealed that the type species of both genera, Monotheca margaretta Nutting, 1900 and Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758), respectively, did not cluster together. In addition, the latest molecular study of the superfamily Plumularioidea (Moura et al. 2018) supports the validity of Monotheca . Taking into account that the new species is closely allied to M. margaretta , we have decided to assign it to this genus, under the name Monotheca bergstadi sp. nov. Our material is closely related to four nominal species of Monotheca , namely M. margaretta Nutting, 1900, M. pulchella (Bale, 1882), M. flexuosa (Bale, 1894) and M. femina (García, Aguirre & González, 1978). The latter is currently accepted as a junior synonym of M. margaretta (Calder 1977; Ansín Agís et al. 2001; Schuchert 2020; as Plumularia margaretta ), and we agree. The remaining valid species are easily recognizable by the morphology of their gonothecae. In M. margaretta , they are barrel-shaped, with well-developed transverse ridges and a broad, apical aperture (Calder 1997; Ansín Agís et al. 2001); in M. pulchella the gonothecae are ovate, with an obliquely truncate aperture with a submarginal row of large, internal teeth surrounded by large, internal teeth (Bale 1882; Ralph 1961; Watson 1973, 2011); finally, in M. flexuosa , the gonothecae are fusiform, with slightly undulated walls and a rather small, apical aperture produced into a neck of variable height (Bale 1894; Watson 2011). In addition, M. margaretta is an amphi-Atlantic species, whereas M. pulchella and M. flexuosa are predominately Indo-Pacific. Nevertheless, M. pulchella was reported several times from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (for a review, see Calder 1997 and Ansín Agís et al. 2001), and the actual status of these records have been subjected to different interpretations in the literature. The records from the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, all with annulated and barrel-shaped gonothecae, were included in M. margaretta by Calder (1997) and Ansín Agís et al. (2001), and we agree with this conclusion, despite the fact that Watson (2011) considers that they are conspecific with M. flexuosa . The records of M. pulchella from the Mediterranean (Bouillon et al. 2004) are based on the material studied by García Corrales et al. (1978, as Plumularia femina ) and Medel & Vervoort (1995), and belong to M. margaretta , despite some figures (Bouillon et al . 2004: fig. 92h, j) being based on Millard (1975: fig. 125c–d) and representing a different species (see below). The records of M. pulchella from the Argentinian coast (Blanco 1973, 1994; Genzano 1990, 1994; all as Plumularia pulchela ), were provisionally placed under M. margaretta by Ansín Agís et al. (2001) because the involved colonies were sterile. The morphology of the colonies collected at the Vema Seamount studied in this report, with respect to their tropho- and gonosome, completely coincides with those described by Millard (1975) as M. pulchella from South Africa and the Vema Seamount. This material, characterized by its barrel-shaped, smooth-walled gonothecae, is clearly distinct from the current concept of M. pulchella , and also from other previously discussed species. In fact, Watson (2011) excluded the South African records from the synonymy of M. pulchella , but did not assign them to any known species of Monotheca . Consequently, we consider that this material represents a new species, for which we propose the name M. bergstadi sp. nov. Distribution Monotheca bergstadi sp. nov. has previously been reported from Vema Seamount (Millard 1966, as Plumularia pulchella ) and South Africa, from the west coast of Cape Peninsula to Natal (Millard 1957, 1962, 1975; all as P. pulchella ). Its bathymetric distribution extends from the littoral zone to a depth of 100 m (Millard 1975, as P. pulchella ). : Published as part of Gil, Marta & Ramil, Fran, 2021, Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Vema and Valdivia seamounts (SE Atlantic), pp. 49-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 758 on pages 78-82, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1425, http://zenodo.org/record/5088125 : {"references": ["Millard N. A. H. 1957. The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 43: 173 - 243.", "Millard N. A. H. 1962. The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part I. The Plumulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum 46 (11): 261 - 319.", "Millard N. A. H. 1966. Hydroids of the Vema Seamount. 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La comunidad hidroide del intermareal rocoso de Mar del Plata (Argentina). I. Estacionalidad, abundancia y periodos reproductivos. Cahiers de Biologie marine 35 (3): 289 - 303."]} Text Northeast Atlantic South Atlantic Ocean DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) Pacific Norway New Zealand Argentina Bergen Lamarck ENVELOPE(140.027,140.027,-66.666,-66.666) Blanco ENVELOPE(-55.233,-55.233,-61.250,-61.250) Gonzalez ENVELOPE(-58.250,-58.250,-63.917,-63.917) Pena ENVELOPE(40.562,40.562,63.490,63.490) Aguirre ENVELOPE(-57.933,-57.933,-63.317,-63.317) Moura ENVELOPE(28.483,28.483,66.450,66.450) False Bay ENVELOPE(-60.366,-60.366,-62.716,-62.716) Bergstad ENVELOPE(19.419,19.419,69.258,69.258) |