Caulleriella Chamberlin 1919

• Main Author: Blake, James A.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2021
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Annelida; Polychaeta; Terebellida; Cirratulidae; Caulleriella; Antarctic; Southern Ocean; Weddell Sea; Pacific; Weddell; Seta; Fang; Noto; Antarc*; Antarctica; North Atlantic
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5091930; https://zenodo.org/record/5091930

Genus Caulleriella Chamberlin, 1919 Type species: Cirratulus viridis Langerhans, 1881. Original designation by Chamberlin 1919. Diagnosis . (after Blake & Magalhães 2019). Prostomium elongate, conical to pointed; peristomium elongated to short, dorsal tentacles usually beginning anterior to setiger 1. Middle body segments not beaded; parapodia often with noto- and neuropodia widely separated laterally. Modified setae including capillaries and bidentate, crotchetlike hooks, not arranged into modified cinctures. In some species, unidentate hooks may occur in some regions of the body in addition to bidentate hooks. Pygidium either a simple conical lobe or with one or two anal cirri. Remarks . To date, approximately 45 species of Caulleriella are known (Read & Fauchald 2020; Blake & Magalhães 2019). The current definition of the genus essentially dates from Blake (1996), who, among other things, determined that in addition to having bidentate hooks, most species of Caulleriella differ from other bitentaculate cirratulids in having the noto- and neuropodia widely separated from one another along the body; this generalization, however, does not hold up in species that have long, narrow threadlike bodies. Bidentate hooks. Three types of bidentate hooks have been reported for species of Caulleriella . (1) One type is a typical bidentate crotchet, found in most species, where the apical tooth appears to emerge directly from the end of shaft with no hood or flange along the shaft. This type of hook is characteristic of most species. (2) A second type of hook has a hood or flange on the convex side of the shaft that extends apically forming the apical tooth. This type of seta was first described for C. alata by Southern (1914). Although not stated, Southern’s name for the species appears to be derived from alatus , Latin for winged and refers directly to the transparent hood on the convex side of the shaft that merges with the apical tooth. These ‘alate’ hooks have been reported in nine species of Caulleriella (see list in Discussion section) and likely occur in others where details of the bidentate teeth are not well described. (3) A third type of hook has a transparent hood that extends from the main fang to the concave side of the shaft, similar to hoods found in some spionids and paraonids. This type of hook is only known from C. bathytata Blake, 2019 an abyssal species from the Pacific Ocean. The nature of the ‘alate’ hooks is not well understood. There is some evidence that the so-called hood or flange on the convex side of the shaft is actually an artifact of the shaft having a groove on the lateral or convex side and that a change in thickness along the shaft produces a lighter or more transparent area that is the ‘hood’ observed in light microscopy. Likewise, details of ‘alate’ hooks suggest that the apical tooth may actually be a projecting ridge or an extension of the shaft that only appears as a tooth when observed in lateral view. Caulleriella kacya e Blake, 2018 from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica has a broad accessory sheath on the convex side of the shaft that terminates on the tip of the shaft as a ridge above the main fang; in some views this sheath appears to be divided producing a tridentate appearance (Blake 2018). The ‘alate’ bidentate hooks of C. pacifica E. Berkeley, 1929 were illustrated with SEM by Magalhães & Bailey-Brock (2015). The convex side of the curved shaft has a distinct channel or groove that could appear as the hood in light microscopy at certain angles. In addition, the apical tooth is short and appears to be a low ridge. In contrast the SEMs of the bidentate hooks of C. venefica Doner & Blake, 2006 (see Figure 8 in C. venefica section below) show no evidence of a groove along the shaft and the apical tooth is narrow and pointed. These observations suggest that an in-depth investigation of these hooks may yield additional characters useful in species delimitation. Parapodia . Most species of Caulleriella have the noto- and neuropodia widely separated along the body (Blake 1996; Blake & Magalhães 2019); in some species such C. quadrata Blake & Dean, 2019, the podia are so widely separated they appear at four corners of the body when viewed in cross section (Blake & Dean 2019). This generalization, however, is not as obvious in deep-water species where the bodies are long and thin; however, even in these taxa, the podial lobes are distinctly separated from one another rather than being close as in species of Tharyx . Bathymetry . Recent studies have added numerous new species of Caulleriella and expanded descriptions of others (Blake 2018, 2019; Blake & Dean 2019). However, only five of the 45 previously known species of Caulleriella , four from around Antarctica and one from the abyssal Pacific, are known from depths of 500 m or greater (Blake 2018, 2019): C. antarctica (Hartman, 1978) (1120 m), C. bathytata Blake, 2019 (4877 m), C. eltaninae Blake, 2018 (870 m), C. fimbriata Blake, 2018, (1884 m), and C. kacyae Blake, 2018 (1035 m). Three additional deepwater and one shallow water species of Caulleriella are newly described in the present study bringing the number of known species for the genus to 49 of which only eight occur in deep water. Additional records and descriptive comments for Caulleriella venefica , a widespread nearshore and continental shelf species along the U.S. Atlantic coast, are also provided. In addition several specimens of an additional small species of Caulleriella , are reported from rocky habitats in Cape Cod Bay. These specimens are not named but may be conspecific with or related to C. fragilis (Leidy, 1855), which has not been described since the original report. The following species are treated in this study. 1. Caulleriella filiformia n. sp . 2. Caulleriella nobska n. sp. 3. Caulleriella pintada n. sp . 4. Caulleriella rodmani n. sp. 5. Caulleriella venefica Doner & Blake, 2006 6. Caulleriella sp. : Published as part of Blake, James A., 2021, New species and records of Caulleriella (Annelida, Cirratulidae) from shelf and slope depths of the Western North Atlantic Ocean, pp. 253-279 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on pages 254-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5026312 : {"references": ["Chamberlin, R. V. (1919) The Annelida Polychaeta. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 48, 1 - 514, pls. 1 - 80. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / ia / memoirsofmuseumo 4801 harv]", "Langerhans, P. (1881) Die Wurmfauna von Madeira. Part III. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftlich Zoologie, Leipzig, 34, 87 - 143, pls. 4 - 6. [https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 42353743]", "Blake, J. A. & Magalhaes, W. (2019) 7.3. 1.5 Cirratulidae, Ryckholt, 1851. In: Purschke, G., Boggemann, M. & Westheide, W. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology. Annelida. Vol. 1. Annelida Basal groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 339 - 397.", "Read, G. & Fauchald, K. (Ed.) (2020) World Polychaeta database. Caulleriella Chamberlin, 1919. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 129241 (accessed 20 January 2021)", "Blake, J. A. (1996) Chapter 8. Family Cirratulidae. In: Blake, J. A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P. H. (Eds.), 1996. Taxonomic Atlas of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 6. Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 263 - 384.", "Southern, R. (1914) Claire Island Survey Part 47. Archiannelida and Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 31, 1 - 160, pls. 1 - 15. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34773787]", "Blake, J. A. (2018) Bitentaculate Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected chiefly during cruises of the R / V Anton Bruun, USNS Eltanin, R / V Hero, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, and R / V Polarstern from the Southern Ocean, Antarctica, and off Western South America. Zootaxa, 4537 (1), 1 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4537.1.1", "Berkeley, E. (1929) Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo District. 4. Chaetopteridae to Maldanidae. Contributions to Canadian Biology, Ottawa, New Series, 4, 305 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 29 - 022", "Magalhaes, W. F. & Bailey-Brock, J. H. (2015) A new species and two new records of Cirratulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Guam, Mariana Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95 (5), 941 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315414001799", "Doner, S. A. & Blake, J. A. (2006) New species of Cirratulidae (Polychaeta) from the northeastern United States. Scientia Marina, 70 (Supplement 3), 65 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / SCIMAR. 2006.70 S 365", "Blake, J. A. & Dean, H. K. (2019) New Species of Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Caribbean Sea. Zootaxa, 4671 (3), 301 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4671.3.1", "Hartman, O. (1978) Polychaeta from the Weddell Sea Quadrant, Antarctica. In: Antarctic Research Series. 26 (4). American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., pp. 125 - 223, 42 figs. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / 9781118664599. ch 4", "Leidy, J. (1855) Contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna, of the coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Journal of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, 3, 135 - 152, pls. 9 - 11. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36848120]"]}