Themisto Guerin 1825

• Main Author: Zeidler, Wolfgang
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2004
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Arthropoda; Malacostraca; Amphipoda; Hyperiidae; Themisto; Arctic; Antarctic; Arctic Ocean; Canada; Pacific; New Zealand; Argentino; Kane; Percy; Corey; Colombo; Bogan; Antarc*; North Atlantic; North East Atlantic; Themisto abyssorum; Themisto libellula; Zooplankton
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5030017; https://zenodo.org/record/5030017

Genus Themisto Guérin 1825 Remarks This genus has provided much taxonomic confusion in the past. Its status has been in question being known alternately as Euthemisto or Parathemisto , sometimes with subgenera. Bowman et al . (1982) restored the genus Themisto , which up until that time was considered a junior homonym of the nudibranch Themisto Oken, 1815; a work rejected for nomenclatural purposes by the ICZN (1956). The uncertainty of the generic status combined with several ill­defined species, subspecies and varieties has made specific determination very difficult, despite the efforts of Bowman (1960), Sheader and Evans (1974) and Schneppenheim and Weigmann­Haass (1986). Vinogradov et al . (1982) recognise six species, but Schneppenheim and Weigmann­Haass (1986) demonstrated that northern hemisphere material, previously identified with T. gaudichaudii Guérin, 1825, is a separate species, T. compressa Goës, 1865. In view of the past confusion, and recent studies by Schneppenheim and Weigmann­Haass (1986), a new key to species is provided to assist future workers. The holotype of T. gaudichaudii was discovered recently in the Guérin­Méneville collection (No. 438), in the ANSP (Zeidler 1997). The correct citation for the original description of this species has been confused in the past with some authors citing Guérin, 1828 (eg. Schneppenheim & Weigmann­Haass 1986; Spamer & Bogan 1992, 1994). This has arisen because, although the genus and species was first described in 1825, Guérin (1828) more or less repeated his description in a separate memoir introducing them as new, and providing figures of the type. All species of Themisto are mainly free­swimming, and can occur in large numbers, particularly in colder waters where, like krill, they play a significant role as food for plankton­feeding predators. Although considered mainly free­living, species of Themisto are known to be associated with medusae and salps (Madin & Harbison 1977; Laval 1980), and specimens of T. australis have been collected from Salpa fusiformis from Tasmanian waters. Additional biological and ecological information is given by the following; Bary (1959), Kane (1963), Siegfried (1965), Gray (1967), Evans (1968), Semenova (1974), Sheader (1975, 1977, 1981, 1990), Sheader and Evans (1975), Williams and Robins (1981), Bowman et al . (1982), Hiroki (1988), Corey (1990), Semura et al . (1991), Percy (1993), Colombo and Vinas (1994), Koszteyn et al . (1995), Condon and Norman (1999) and Vinogradov (1999b). Themisto has a bi­polar distribution with species restricted to the colder waters of the Arctic and Antarctic regions and occasionally venturing into cool­temperature waters. Species : as in the following key. : Published as part of Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2004, A review of the families and genera of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Phronimoidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), pp. 1-66 in Zootaxa 567 on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.567.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5259734 : {"references": ["Guerin, F. E. (1825) Encyclopedie Methodique Histoire Naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes par M. Latreille. Tome 10. Paris.", "Oken, L. (1815) Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1: Fleischlose Thiere. Jena: August Schmid und Comp., 850 pp., 40 pls.", "Bowman, T. E. (1960) The pelagic amphipod genus Parathemisto (Hyperiidea: Hyperiidae) in the North Pacific and adjacent Arctic Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112, 343 - 392.", "Sheader, M. & Evans, F. 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(1968) The subgenera Parathemisto and Euthemisto of the genus Parathemisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Crustaceana, 14 (1), 105 - 106.", "Semenova, T. N. (1974) Diurnal vertical migration of Parathemisto japonica Bov. (Hyperiidea) in the Sea of Japan. Oceanology, 14, 272 - 276.", "Sheader, M. (1975) Factors influencing change in the phenotype of the planktonic amphipod Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Guerin). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 55, 887 - 891.", "Sheader, M. (1977) Breeding and marsupial development in laboratory - maintained Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Amphipoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 57, 943 - 954.", "Sheader, M. (1981) Development and growth in laboratory - maintained and field populations of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Hyperiidea: Amphipoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 769 - 787.", "Sheader, M. (1990) Morphological adaptations permitting resource partitioning in the predatory hyperiid Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). In: Barnes, M. & Gibson, R. N. (Eds) Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment. Aberdeen University Press, pp. 478 - 490.", "Williams, R. & Robins, D. (1981) Seasonal variability in abundance and vertical distribution of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) in the North East Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology, Progress Series, 4, 289 - 298.", "Hiroki, M. (1988) Relation between diel vertical migration and locomotor activity of a marine hyperiidean amphipod, Themisto japonica (Bovallius). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 8 (1), 48 - 52.", "Corey, S. (1990) Distributional patterns of Amphipoda in the Bay of Fundy region, Canada. Crustaceana, 58 (3), 291 - 308.", "Semura, H., Minoda, T. & Kawamura, A. (1991) Quantitative study on diagnostic characters of two pelagic amphipods Themisto japonica and T. pacifica along their growth. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan, 38 (1), 33 - 41. [In Japanese].", "Percy, J. A. (1993) Reproduction and growth of the Arctic hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula Mandt. Polar Biology, 13, 131 - 139.", "Colombo, G. L. A. & Vinas, M. D. (1994) Relaciones peso seco-talla y volumen-talla en Themisto gaudichaudii, principal antipodo hiperido del mar epicontinental Argentino. Revista des Investigacion Desarrollo Pesquero, 9, 5 - 10.", "Koszteyn, J., Timofeev, S., Weslawski J. M. & Malinga, B. (1995) Size structure of Themisto abyssorum Boeck and Themisto libellula (Mandt) populations in European Arctic Seas. Polar Biology, 15, 85 - 92.", "Condon, R. H. & Norman, M. D. (1999) Commensal associations between the hyperiid amphipod, Themisto australis, and the scyphozoan jellyfish, Cyanea capillata. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 32 (4), 261 - 267.", "Vinogradov, G. M. (1999 b) Deep-sea near-bottom swarms of pelagic amphipods Themisto: observations from submersibles. 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