Urocitellus parryii

• Main Author: Mclean, Bryan S.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2018
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Chordata; Mammalia; Rodentia; Sciuridae; Urocitellus; Urocitellus parryii; Arctic; Antarctic; Arctic Ocean; Nunavut; Yukon; Bering Sea; Northwest Territories; Hudson Bay; Okhotsk; Gulf of Alaska; Canada; Pacific; Hudson; Northwest Passage; British Columbia; Davidson; Harper; Barrett; Lawrence Island; Lynch; Bryant; Meier; Buff; Howell; Magadan; Midland; Indigirka; Goodwin; Lacey; Krebs; Ochre; Butterworth; Kenney; Fort Good Hope; Amguema; Lyon Inlet; Northeast Cape; Five Hawser Bay; Melville Peninsula; Baranova; Antarc*; Arctic ground squirrel; Barrow; Chipewyan; Chukotka; Chukotka Peninsula; Kamchatka; Kamtschatka; Keewatin; Kodiak; Koryak; Northwest passage; okhotsk sea; permafrost; Point Barrow; Seward Peninsula; St Lawrence Island; Yukon river; Alaska; Beringia; midnight sun; Siberia
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4592396; https://zenodo.org/record/4592396

Urocitellus parryii (Richardson, 1825) Arctic Ground Squirrel Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825:316. No type locality designated, restricted to “Five Hawser Bay, Lyon Inlet, Melville Peninsula, [Hudson Bay, Nunavut,] Canada ” by Preble (1902:46). Spermophilus parryii : Lesson, 1827:244. Name combination. Arctomys parryi var. phaeognatha Richardson, 1829:161. Type locality “Hudson’s Bay,” Canada. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. Spermophilus leucostictus Brandt, 1844:379. Type locality “regionibus versus Ochotam et Uth fluvium valde aestimatae.” (= Khabarovsk Region, Okhotsk District, Ohota River), Eastern Siberia, Russia (translated by Pavlinov and Rossolimo 1987). Spermophilus brunniceps von Kittlitz, 1858:337. Type locality “ Kamchatka.” Nomen nudum. A [ rctomys ]. kennicottii Ross, 1861:434. Type locality “Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie,” Northwest Territories, Canada. Spermophilus parryi var. parryi : Allen, 1874:292. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. Spermophilus parryi var. kodiacensis Allen, 1874:292. Type locality originally given as “Island of Kodiac,” Alaska, USA; restricted to “Kodiak Island, Alaska,” USA, based on designation of lectotype by Howell (1938:103). Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. Spermophilus empetra : Allen, 1877:839. Name combination. [ Spermophilus empetra ] var. empetra : Allen, 1877:839. Name combination. [ Spermophilus empetra ] var. kodiacensis : Allen, 1877:839. Name combination. Spermophilus osgoodi Merriam, 1900:18. Type locality “Fort Yukon, Alaska,” USA. Spermophilus barrowensis Merriam, 1900:19. Type locality: “Point Barrow, Alaska,” USA. Spermophilus beringensis Merriam, 1900:20. Type locality: “Cape Lisbourne (Coal Veins), Alaska,” USA. Spermophilus empetra plesius Osgood, 1900:29. Type locality “Bennett City, head of Lake Bennett, British Columbia,” Canada. Citellus buxtoni Allen, 1903a:139. Type locality “Gichiga, west coast of Okhotsk sea, [Magadan Oblast,] Siberia,” Russia. Citellus stejnegeri Allen, 1903a:142. Type locality “Near Petropaulski, southeastern Kamchatka,” Russia. Citellus stonei Allen, 1903b:537. Type locality “Wrangel, Alaska, ” USA; corrected to “ Stevana Flats, near Port Muller, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska,” USA, by Allen (1903b:xvii). Citellus parryii : Miller and Rehn, 1903:75. Name combination. C [ itellus ]. plesius : Osgood, 1903:25. Name combination. Citellus plesius ablusus Osgood, 1903:25. Type locality “Nushagak, Alaska,” USA. C [ itellus ]. barrowensis : Osgood, 1903:25. Name combination. C [ itellus ]. kodiacensis : Osgood, 1903:26. Name combination. Citellus nebulicola Osgood, 1903:26. Type locality “Nagai Island, Shumagin Islands, Alaska,” USA. [ Citellus ] osgoodi : Osgood, 1903:27. Name combination. [ Citellus parryi ] kadiacensis : Trouessart, 1904:338. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825 and Spermophilus parryii var. kodiacensis Allen, 1874. [ Citellus parryi ] plesius : Trouessart, 1904:338. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. [ Citellus ] beringensis : Trouessart, 1904:338. Name combination. Citellus ( Colobotis ) parryi kennicotti : Preble, 1908:162. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825 and A [ rctomys ]. kennicottii Ross, 1861. Colobotis buxtoni : Ognev, 1926:93. Name combination. Citellus lyratus Hall and Gilmore, 1932:396. Type locality “Iviktook Lagoon, about 35 miles northwest of Northeast Cape, St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska,” USA. Citellus eversmanni leucostictus : Chaworth-Musters, 1934:557. Name combination. Citellus ( Urocitellus ) eversmanni stejnegeri : Ognev, 1937:331. Name combination. Citellus ( Urocitellus ) eversmanni janensis Ognev, 1937:332. Type locality “Mestnost’ Kenûrâh, v verhovâh r. Âny, dolina reki, Verhoânskij okrug.” Citellus parryii parryii : Howell, 1938:91. Name combination. Citellus parryii barrowensis : Howell, 1938:95. Name combination. Citellus parryii ablusus : Howell, 1938:98. Name combination. Citellus parryii buxtoni : Howell, 1938:100. Name combination. Citellus parryii nebulicola : Howell, 1938:100. Name combination. Citellus parryii lyratus : Howell, 1938:101. Name combination. [ Citellus parryii ] osgoodi : Heptner, 1941:25. Name combination. [ Citellus parryii ] leucostictus : Heptner, 1941:25. Name combination. [ Citellus parryii ] steinegeri : Heptner, 1941:26. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Citellus stejnegeri Allen, 1903a. [ Citellus parryii ] janensis : Heptner, 1941:26. Name combination. Citellus ( Urocitellus ) undulatus buxtoni : Ognev, 1947:213. Name combination. Citellus ( Urocitellus ) undulatus stejnegeri : Ognev, 1947:214. Name combination. Citellus ( Urocitellus ) undulatus janensis : Ognev, 1947:215. Name combination. C [ itellus ]. undulatus leucostictus : Rausch, 1953:121. Name combination. Citellus undulatus parryii : Rausch, 1953:121. Name combination. Citellus undulatus barrowensis : Rausch, 1953:122. Name combination. Citellus undulatus osgoodi : Rausch, 1953:123. Name combination. Citellus undulatus plesius : Rausch, 1953:123. Name combination. Citellus undulatus ablusus : Rausch, 1953:123. Name combination. Citellus undulatus kodiacensis : Rausch, 1953:124. Name combination. Citellus undulatus lyratus : Rausch, 1953:125. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus kennicottii : Bee and Hall, 1956:43. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus parryii : Harper, 1956:17. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus ablusus : Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus kodiacensis : Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus lyratus : Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus nebulicola : Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus osgoodi : Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus plesius : Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Citellus undulatus coriakorum Portenko et al., 1963:96. Type locality “Kamčatskaâ oblast’, Korâkskij AO, r. Ačajvaâm.” (= Russia, Kamchatka Region, Korâkskij Autonomous District, Ačajvaâm River—translated by Pavlinov and Rossolimo 1987). Citellus parryi coriacorum : Gromov et al., 1965:187. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825 and Citellus undulatus coriakorum Portenko et al., 1963. Citellus parryi tschuktschorum Chernyavsky, 1972:210. Type locality: “sred. teč. r. Amguèma, Vost. Čukotka.” (= middle reaches of the Amguema River, eastern Chukotka Peninsula, Russia—translated by Baranova and Gromov 2003). Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. S [ permophilus ]. p [ arryii ]. osgoodi : Nadler et al., 1973:34. Name combination. S [ permophilus ]. p [ arryii ]. plesius : Nadler et al., 1973:34. Name combination. S [ permophilus ]. p [ arryii ]. ablusus : Nadler et al., 1973:34. Name combination. S [ permophilus ]. p [ arryii ]. lyratus : Nadler et al., 1973:34. Name combination. S [ permophilus ]. p [ arryii ]. steinegeri : Nadler et al., 1973:35. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Citellus stejnegeri Allen, 1903a. S [ permophilus ]. p [ arryii ]. leucostictus : Nadler et al., 1973:35. Name combination. S [ permophilus ]. p [ arryii ]. janensis : Nadler et al., 1973:35. Name combination. Spermophilus parryii kennicotti : Robinson, 1973:1. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of A [ rctomys ]. kennicottii Ross, 1861. S [ permophilus ]. p [ arryii ]. nebulicola : Nadler and Hoffmann, 1977:748. Name combination. Urocitellus parryii : Helgen et al., 2009:297. First use of current name combination. CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Rodentia, suborder Sciuromorpha, family Sciuridae, subfamily Xerinae, tribe Marmotini. The following 10 subspecies and their synonyms are recognized (Helgen et al. 2009): U. p. ablusus (Osgood, 1903:25). See above; stonei (Allen) is a synonym. U. p. kennicottii (Ross, 1861:434). See above; barrowensis (Merriam) and beringensis (Merriam) are synonyms. U. p. kodiacensis (Allen, 1874:292). See above. U. p. leucostictus (Brandt, 1844:379). See above; buxtoni (Allen) and tschuktschorum (Chernyavsky) are synonyms. U. p. lyratus (Hall and Gilmore, 1932:396). See above. U. p. nebulicola (Osgood, 1903:26). See above. U. p. osgoodi (Merriam, 1900:18). See above. U. p. parryii (Richardson, 1825:316). See above; phaeognatha (Richardson) is a synonym. U. p. plesius (Osgood, 1900:29). See above. U. p. stejnegeri (Allen, 1903a:142). See above; brunniceps (von Kittlitz), coriakorum (Portenko) and janensis (Ognev) are synonyms. DIAGNOSIS Urocitellus parryii (Fig. 1) is the northernmost species within the family Sciuridae and the only sciurid with a Holarctic distribution. A quintessential high-latitude mammal and the largest species in the genus Urocitellus , U. parryii is a member of the bigeared species group of Urocitellus , all of which are larger-bodied, more mesic-adapted and have greater latitudinal distributions than their congeners. In pelage, U . parryii is the most intensely and variably colored of its congeners (except possibly U. columbianus , Columbian ground squirrel). The dorsum varies in color from pale buff or grizzled buff to ochre or rich chestnut and is more deeply colored than the unmarked venter, being noticeably flecked with white spots in all color phases. U. parryii has a more colorful head than body, with forehead darker than cheeks; shoulders, forelimbs, and hindlimbs that are unmarked but more colorfully washed than the venter; and a relatively long-haired tail that is grizzled or dark above and buffy, ochre or reddish below. Urocitellus parryii is easily distinguished from members of the small-eared group of Urocitellus based on its much greater head–body length (> 200mm) and weight (the latter approaching an order of magnitude in some individuals); longer tail (> 60 mm) and hind feet (> 40 mm); and longer, denser, and more colorful pelage. Individuals of most subspecies (except U. p. plesius ) can be distinguished from other Nearctic big-eared Urocitellus (except U. columbianus ) by greater weight (usually> 450 g) and longer head–body length (usually> 340 mm); darker and more colorful pelage with dorsal flecking; and longer, bushier tail. From U. columbianus , it can be distinguished primarily by its more buffy (and less reddish) coloration, but U. parryii also averages slightly larger than U. columbianus in total length (245 versus 233 mm, respectively) and tail length (55 versus 50 mm, respectively). From the Palearctic U. undulatus , long-tailed ground squirrel, with which it was formerly considered conspecific and resembles most closely, U. parryii is distinguished by a more richly colored head, bolder dorsal flecking, and greater color contrast between head and back (Krystufek and Vohralik 2013), as well as a slightly larger average total length (245 mm in U. parryii versus 220 mm in U. undulatus , respectively). U. parryii has a karyotype of 2 n = 34, distinguishing it from all other Urocitellus except for U. elegans (Wyoming ground squirrel) and U. armatus (Uinta ground squirrel). U. parryii is also easily distinguished based on geography, being nowhere sympatric with any congener. GENERAL CHARACTERS Urocitellus parryii (Fig. 1) resembles other true ground squirrels in gross external morphology in having a semicylindrical body plan, dorsoventrally compressed cranium, shortened pinnae, relatively short but stout limbs, and relatively elongated manus, pes, and digits with sharp claws. The posture of U. parryii is plantigrade; forelimbs and hindlimbs possess 4 and 5 digits, respectively. Membranous cheek pouches are present. Tail length is typically 35–50% of head–body length. Ranges of external measurements (mm) for mainland subspecies excluding U. p. plesius are as follows: total length, 340–495; tail length, 88–165; hind foot length, 52–68. Ranges of the same measurements (mm) from the more diminutive U. p. plesius are as follows: total length, 300–363; tail length, 85–105; hind foot length, 50–57. Ear length in U. parryii ranges from 10 to 21 mm. Adult weights from 450 to 1,000 g are possible, and average greater in northern than southern populations. Weights exceeding 1 kg have occasionally been reported in U. p. parryii , U. p. kennicottii , U. p. osgoodi , and U. p. leucostictus (Howell 1938; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Buck and Barnes 1999a; Krystufek and Vohralik 2013). Sexual dimorphism exists; males average 2–4% greater in cranial dimensions (Pearson 1981), 4–10% greater in external linear measurements, and occasionally up to 10% greater in body mass than females. However, Mayer (1953) described ear lengths greater in female than in male U. p. kennicottii . Urocitellus parryii shows significant variation in pelage color across its range, which in several instances is unreflective of phylogeny. Extremes of dorsal hue are the pale buff of U. p. lyratus and some U. p. leucostictus and the dark ochre and rich chestnut of U. p. parryii and U. p. osgoodi , respectively. Amounts of dorsal flecking range from marked to diffuse; variation along this continuum can also be observed within some subspecies. The heels of U. parryii are partially to densely haired. Tail coloration is darkest in U. p. kodiacensis , U. p. parryii , and U. p. osgoodi , being nearly completely black above in some populations of the latter. Howell (1938) and Rausch (1953) gave additional pelage descriptions for most subspecies. Melanism occurs in U. p. osgoodi , U. p. plesius , and U. p. kennicottii (and possibly additional subspecies). Howell (1938) reported that about 20% of U. p. osgoodi specimens examined were melanistic. Guthrie (1967) interpreted this trait as fire melanism and suggested it was maintained by balancing selection due to the high frequency of wildfires in central Alaska. Howell (1938) detailed the distinguishing craniodental morphological characters of U. parryii . The skull (Fig. 2) is more robust and angular than in other Urocitellus , with a broader and heavier zygomatic arch, heavier postorbital processes, broader nasals, broader and more inflated auditory bullae, and a welldeveloped posterior loph of M3. Greatest length of skull and zygomatic breadth for subspecies (excluding U. p. plesius ) range from 53.2 to 65.8 mm and 33.2 to 44.3 mm, respectively. Ranges of the same measurements in U. p. plesius are 50.7–56.4 mm and 32.3–35.5 mm, respectively. Additional cranial measurements (mm; mean and ranges for 6 males—Howell 1938) for the nominal subspecies U. p. parryii are as follows: cranial breadth (= breadth of braincase), 24.7 (23.5–25.5); palatal length, 31.2 (30.3–32.5); interorbital breadth, 13.4 (12.9–13.8); postorbital breadth, 13.4 (12.7–14.1); length of nasals, 23.6 (21.9–25.1); length of maxillary toothrow, 13.6 (13.2–14.1). Aging can result in cranial modification, including bone thickening, more pronounced postorbital constriction, and increased ossification of incisive foramina (Pearson 1981). Robinson and Hoffmann (1975) analyzed cranial morphology of big-eared Urocitellus in a multivariate context; although their study included only 2 subspecies of U. parryii ( U. p. kennicottii and U. p. leucostictus ), cluster analyses recovered greater shape differences between those subspecies than among some species pairs of big-eared Urocitellus . Cranial size, pronouncement of temporal ridges, length of nasals, and relative development of the posterior loph of M3 are variable among some subspecies of U. parryii (Howell 1938); a list of other variable mensural characters can be found in Pearson (1981). The skull characters that best distinguish U. p. kennicottii from the Palearctic U. p. leucostictus were given by Robinson (1973). Interspecific variation in cranial morphology of big-eared Urocitellus is strongly allometric and also correlated with latitude (Robinson and Hoffmann 1975). Similarly, intraspecific cranial variation among Nearctic U. parryii is broadly correlated with latitude, as well as with temperature and precipitation (Pearson 1981); larger forms are found in coolest and driest conditions. No significant cranial variability was found in Siberian U. parryii (Vorontsov et al. 1984). Cranial size in male (but not female) U. parryii is negatively correlated with elevation (Pearson 1981). Cranial size in female (but not male) U. parryii on islands is positively correlated with island area, temperature, and precipitation (Pearson 1981). U. parryii appears to have experienced rapid rates of evolution in molariform tooth size and shape relative to other marmotine ground squirrels (Goodwin 2009). FORM AND FUNCTION Form . — Urocitellus parr : Published as part of Mclean, Bryan S., 2018, Urocitellus parryii (Rodentia: Sciuridae), pp. 84-99 in Mammalian Species 50 (964) on pages 84-96, DOI: 10.1093/mspecies/sey011, http://zenodo.org/record/4573557 : {"references": ["RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom.", "PREBLE, E. A. 1902. A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. North American Fauna 22. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.", "LESSON, R. - P. 1827. Manuel de Mammalogie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes. Roret, Paris, France.", "RICHARDSON, J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana, or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America. John Murray, London, United Kingdom.", "BRANDT, J. F. 1844. 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