Chalcis Fabricius 1787
Chalcis Fabricius, 1787 Type species Sphex sispes Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Westwood (1839: 65). Chalcis Fabricius, 1787: 272. Smiera Spinola, 1811: 147. Type species Sphex sispes Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Curtis (1833: 472). Synonymy by Gahan & Fagan (1923:...
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Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcididae Chalcis |
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Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcididae Chalcis Saguiah, Pâmella Machado Molin, Ana Dal Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira Chalcis Fabricius 1787 |
topic_facet |
Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcididae Chalcis |
description |
Chalcis Fabricius, 1787 Type species Sphex sispes Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Westwood (1839: 65). Chalcis Fabricius, 1787: 272. Smiera Spinola, 1811: 147. Type species Sphex sispes Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Curtis (1833: 472). Synonymy by Gahan & Fagan (1923: 31). Smicra Spinola, 1837: 1. Unjustified emendation of Smiera . Diagnosis . Both sexes . Mandibular formula 2:3 or 3:3, the upper tooth larger and longer than the others; mesocoxa with short pubescence dorsolaterally; mesotibial spur at most as long as apical width of mesotibia, occasionally absent. Female . Tarsal claws usually slightly curved (Figs 1e, 6a), sometimes falcate (Fig. 11f); hypopygium with median portion narrowly extended posteriorly with median portion distinct from the lateral areas (Figs 2c, 4c, 6d, 9d, 12c, 15e, 20a), or thickened but only slightly extended posteriorly beyond the adjacent margins (Fig. 21a). Male . Tarsal claws almost always bifid apically (Fig. 10c); hypopygium enlarged, flat or concave, with distal margin truncate (Fig. 13b) to notched (Figs 7d, 10d, 16c). Biology . Few host records known, these as egg-pupal or larval-pupal parasitoids of Stratiomyidae (Diptera) (Hart 1895; M̹ller 1908; Schremmer 1960; Cowan 1979). Distribution . Most species on Northern Hemisphere, but present on all continents except Antarctica (Noyes 2020). Remarks . Chalcis can be distinguished from other genera of New Word Chalcididae using the key of Bouček (1992). Among Chalcidini, only females of Chalcis and Melanosmicra Ashmead have the posterior margin of the hypopygium medially setose and distinctly produced posteriorly (Figs 2d, 4c, 6d, 9d, 12c, 15e, 20a), usually reaching the apex of the gaster. Species of both genera also have mandibles that lack a ventral lamina, the upper tooth longer than the lower teeth (except a few Melanosmicra species in which the lower tooth is the longest), and a relatively long petiole and short gaster (Figs 3a, 5a). Species of Chalcis differ from those of Melanosmicra by the female hypopygium having the median portion extended posteriorly as a narrow projection (Figs 2d, 4c, 6d, 9d, 12c, 15e, 20a) or with the median portion distinct from the lateral areas, thickened but only slightly extended posteriorly beyond the level of adjacent margins (Fig. 21a) (posterior margin angled or bilobed in Melanosmicra ); hypopygium of males comparatively large, flat or concave, and with distal margin truncate (Fig. 13b) to notched (Figs 7d, 10d, 16c) (hypopygium surface and distal margin convex in Melanosmicra ); mesocoxa with short pubescence on dorsolateral surface (with few long, erect bristles in Melanosmicra ); mesotibial spur absent or when present at most as long as the apical width of the mesotibia (longer than apical width of mesotibia in Melanosmicra ); and metafemur usually without inner basal tooth ventrally or, if present, inner tooth short and triangular (Fig. 18a) (almost always spinelike and curved in females of Melanosmicra ). The shape of tarsal claws has also been used to differentiate Chalcis species. In females, the claws have been most commonly described as slightly curved (Figs 1e, 6a, 8f, 9a, 14f, 15a) but in some species the claws are falcate (Figs 3f, 11f). In males, the tarsal claws are usually pectinate basally and almost always bifid apically (Figs 7c, 10c). In addition to external morphology characters, Delvare (1992) lists the following features of the male genitalia as diagnostic to Chalcis : phallobase with dorsal expansion, emarginate apically, completely open ventrally, ventral frame most often present, median ventral lamina narrow, without incision on each side of the median ventral lamina; aedeagus with dorsal and sometimes ventral expansion. For comparison, in his diagnosis for Melanosmicra , he lists the phallobase closed ventrally at least along half length; ventral frame more or less obsolete or absent; median ventral lamina normal; phallobase emarginate or slightly incised near median ventral lamina; digiti normal, not narrow and not emarginate on outer edge; aedeagus short and rounded at apex. : Published as part of Saguiah, Pâmella Machado, Molin, Ana Dal & Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira, 2020, The South American species of Chalcis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), pp. 353-383 in Zootaxa 4885 (3) on pages 354-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4885.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4296699 : {"references": ["Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens species nuper detectas, Tom 1. Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft., Copenhagen, 348 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11657", "Linnaeus, C. V. (1761) Fauna svecica: sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum. Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 578 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46380", "Westwood, J. O. (1839) Synopsis of the genera of British Insects. In: An introduction to the modern classification of insects, Vol. 2, Appendix. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, London, pp. 49 - 80.", "Spinola, M. (1811) Essai d'une nouvelle classification des diplolepaires. Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 17, 138 - 153.", "Curtis, J. (1833) British Entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. Vol. 3. Printed by the author, London, 176 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8148", "Gahan, A. B. & Fagan, M. M. (1923) The type species of the genera of Chalcidoidea or chalcid-flies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington, 124, 173 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.124. i", "Spinola, M. (1837) Conure. Conura. Spinola. Magasin de Zoologie, 9 (180), 1 - 2.", "Hart, C. A. (1895) On the Entomology of the Illinois River and Adjacent Waters. Bulletin of the Illinois States Laboratory of Natural History, 4, 149 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 4.429", "Schremmer, V. F. (1960) Beitrag zur Biologie der in Stratiorayiiden larven parasitierenden Chalcididen der Gattung Smicra Spin. (Chalcis F.). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 12 (2), 83 - 89.", "Cowan, D. P. (1979) The Function of enlarged hind legs in oviposition and aggression by Chalcis canadensis (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). The Great Lake Entomologist, 12 (3), 133 - 136.", "Noyes, J. S. (2020) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. The Natural History Museum, London. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed May 2020).", "Boucek, Z. (1992) The New World genera of Chalcididae. In: Delvare, G. & Boucek, Z. (Eds) On the New World Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Associated Publishers, Florida, pp. 49 - 103.", "Delvare, G. (1992) A reclassification of the Chalcidini with a checklist of the New World species. In: Delvare, G. & Boucek, Z. (Eds) On the New World Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Associated Publishers, Florida, pp. 119 - 376."]} |
format |
Text |
author |
Saguiah, Pâmella Machado Molin, Ana Dal Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira |
author_facet |
Saguiah, Pâmella Machado Molin, Ana Dal Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira |
author_sort |
Saguiah, Pâmella Machado |
title |
Chalcis Fabricius 1787 |
title_short |
Chalcis Fabricius 1787 |
title_full |
Chalcis Fabricius 1787 |
title_fullStr |
Chalcis Fabricius 1787 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Chalcis Fabricius 1787 |
title_sort |
chalcis fabricius 1787 |
publisher |
Zenodo |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4330378 https://zenodo.org/record/4330378 |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica |
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ftdatacite:10.5281/zenodo.4330378 2023-05-15T13:56:53+02:00 Chalcis Fabricius 1787 Saguiah, Pâmella Machado Molin, Ana Dal Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira 2020 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4330378 https://zenodo.org/record/4330378 unknown Zenodo http://zenodo.org/record/4296699 http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFA2FF8BFFC2BB73FFF8FFE1FFABFFEC http://zoobank.org/4DA945AD-653E-4E8A-A33D-D52E2F9E44D3 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4885.3.3 http://zenodo.org/record/4296699 http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFA2FF8BFFC2BB73FFF8FFE1FFABFFEC https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296701 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296711 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296721 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296703 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296707 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296717 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296723 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296729 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305952 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305954 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296719 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296725 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296713 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296731 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296705 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296709 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296735 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296715 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296727 http://zoobank.org/4DA945AD-653E-4E8A-A33D-D52E2F9E44D3 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4330379 https://zenodo.org/communities/biosyslit Open Access info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcididae Chalcis Text Taxonomic treatment article-journal ScholarlyArticle 2020 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4330378 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4885.3.3 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296701 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296711 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296721 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4296703 https: 2021-11-05T12:55:41Z Chalcis Fabricius, 1787 Type species Sphex sispes Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Westwood (1839: 65). Chalcis Fabricius, 1787: 272. Smiera Spinola, 1811: 147. Type species Sphex sispes Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Curtis (1833: 472). Synonymy by Gahan & Fagan (1923: 31). Smicra Spinola, 1837: 1. Unjustified emendation of Smiera . Diagnosis . Both sexes . Mandibular formula 2:3 or 3:3, the upper tooth larger and longer than the others; mesocoxa with short pubescence dorsolaterally; mesotibial spur at most as long as apical width of mesotibia, occasionally absent. Female . Tarsal claws usually slightly curved (Figs 1e, 6a), sometimes falcate (Fig. 11f); hypopygium with median portion narrowly extended posteriorly with median portion distinct from the lateral areas (Figs 2c, 4c, 6d, 9d, 12c, 15e, 20a), or thickened but only slightly extended posteriorly beyond the adjacent margins (Fig. 21a). Male . Tarsal claws almost always bifid apically (Fig. 10c); hypopygium enlarged, flat or concave, with distal margin truncate (Fig. 13b) to notched (Figs 7d, 10d, 16c). Biology . Few host records known, these as egg-pupal or larval-pupal parasitoids of Stratiomyidae (Diptera) (Hart 1895; M̹ller 1908; Schremmer 1960; Cowan 1979). Distribution . Most species on Northern Hemisphere, but present on all continents except Antarctica (Noyes 2020). Remarks . Chalcis can be distinguished from other genera of New Word Chalcididae using the key of Bouček (1992). Among Chalcidini, only females of Chalcis and Melanosmicra Ashmead have the posterior margin of the hypopygium medially setose and distinctly produced posteriorly (Figs 2d, 4c, 6d, 9d, 12c, 15e, 20a), usually reaching the apex of the gaster. Species of both genera also have mandibles that lack a ventral lamina, the upper tooth longer than the lower teeth (except a few Melanosmicra species in which the lower tooth is the longest), and a relatively long petiole and short gaster (Figs 3a, 5a). Species of Chalcis differ from those of Melanosmicra by the female hypopygium having the median portion extended posteriorly as a narrow projection (Figs 2d, 4c, 6d, 9d, 12c, 15e, 20a) or with the median portion distinct from the lateral areas, thickened but only slightly extended posteriorly beyond the level of adjacent margins (Fig. 21a) (posterior margin angled or bilobed in Melanosmicra ); hypopygium of males comparatively large, flat or concave, and with distal margin truncate (Fig. 13b) to notched (Figs 7d, 10d, 16c) (hypopygium surface and distal margin convex in Melanosmicra ); mesocoxa with short pubescence on dorsolateral surface (with few long, erect bristles in Melanosmicra ); mesotibial spur absent or when present at most as long as the apical width of the mesotibia (longer than apical width of mesotibia in Melanosmicra ); and metafemur usually without inner basal tooth ventrally or, if present, inner tooth short and triangular (Fig. 18a) (almost always spinelike and curved in females of Melanosmicra ). The shape of tarsal claws has also been used to differentiate Chalcis species. In females, the claws have been most commonly described as slightly curved (Figs 1e, 6a, 8f, 9a, 14f, 15a) but in some species the claws are falcate (Figs 3f, 11f). In males, the tarsal claws are usually pectinate basally and almost always bifid apically (Figs 7c, 10c). In addition to external morphology characters, Delvare (1992) lists the following features of the male genitalia as diagnostic to Chalcis : phallobase with dorsal expansion, emarginate apically, completely open ventrally, ventral frame most often present, median ventral lamina narrow, without incision on each side of the median ventral lamina; aedeagus with dorsal and sometimes ventral expansion. For comparison, in his diagnosis for Melanosmicra , he lists the phallobase closed ventrally at least along half length; ventral frame more or less obsolete or absent; median ventral lamina normal; phallobase emarginate or slightly incised near median ventral lamina; digiti normal, not narrow and not emarginate on outer edge; aedeagus short and rounded at apex. : Published as part of Saguiah, Pâmella Machado, Molin, Ana Dal & Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira, 2020, The South American species of Chalcis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), pp. 353-383 in Zootaxa 4885 (3) on pages 354-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4885.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4296699 : {"references": ["Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens species nuper detectas, Tom 1. Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft., Copenhagen, 348 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11657", "Linnaeus, C. V. (1761) Fauna svecica: sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum. Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 578 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46380", "Westwood, J. O. (1839) Synopsis of the genera of British Insects. In: An introduction to the modern classification of insects, Vol. 2, Appendix. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, London, pp. 49 - 80.", "Spinola, M. (1811) Essai d'une nouvelle classification des diplolepaires. Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 17, 138 - 153.", "Curtis, J. (1833) British Entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. Vol. 3. Printed by the author, London, 176 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8148", "Gahan, A. B. & Fagan, M. M. (1923) The type species of the genera of Chalcidoidea or chalcid-flies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington, 124, 173 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.124. i", "Spinola, M. (1837) Conure. Conura. Spinola. Magasin de Zoologie, 9 (180), 1 - 2.", "Hart, C. A. (1895) On the Entomology of the Illinois River and Adjacent Waters. Bulletin of the Illinois States Laboratory of Natural History, 4, 149 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 4.429", "Schremmer, V. F. (1960) Beitrag zur Biologie der in Stratiorayiiden larven parasitierenden Chalcididen der Gattung Smicra Spin. (Chalcis F.). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 12 (2), 83 - 89.", "Cowan, D. P. (1979) The Function of enlarged hind legs in oviposition and aggression by Chalcis canadensis (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). The Great Lake Entomologist, 12 (3), 133 - 136.", "Noyes, J. S. (2020) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. The Natural History Museum, London. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed May 2020).", "Boucek, Z. (1992) The New World genera of Chalcididae. In: Delvare, G. & Boucek, Z. (Eds) On the New World Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Associated Publishers, Florida, pp. 49 - 103.", "Delvare, G. (1992) A reclassification of the Chalcidini with a checklist of the New World species. In: Delvare, G. & Boucek, Z. (Eds) On the New World Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Associated Publishers, Florida, pp. 119 - 376."]} Text Antarc* Antarctica DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) |