Lycopodina calyx

• Main Authors: Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk, Hooper, John N. A.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2020
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Plantae; Porifera; Demospongiae; Poecilosclerida; Cladorhizidae; Lycopodina; Lycopodina calyx; Arctic; Antarctic; Southern Ocean; The Antarctic; Barents Sea; Weddell Sea; Kara Sea; Drake Passage; McMurdo Sound; Canada; Greenland; Pacific; New Zealand; Queensland; Weddell; Burton; Charcot; Goodwin; Merrick; Moreton; Ramirez; Antarc*; Antarctica; Newfoundland
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3846459; https://zenodo.org/record/3846459

Lycopodina calyx (Hentschel, 1914) Fig. 26, Tables 14 & 15 Asbestopluma calyx Hentschel, 1914: 66, Pl. IV, Fig. 4, PL. V, Fig. 11; Burton 1932: 293; Burton 1934: 24; Koltun 1964: 32, Pl. V, Figs 8–12. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) cf. calyx: Lopes & Hajdu 2014: 333, Fig. 3. Lycopodina calyx: Goodwin et al. 2017: 54, Fig. 11; Dressler-Allame et al. 2017: 200, Fig. 13. Material examined : QM G337513 off Central New South Wales, Tasman Sea, Station 88, New South Wales, Australia, 30° 15’ 50.4”– 30° 17’ 12.1” S, 153° 52’ 12”– 153° 49’ 48.7” E, 4481– 4401 m, Beam Trawl, Coll. Merrick Ekins on RV Investigator , Cruise IN2017_ V03, Sample 88-141, 2 specimens, 6/vi/2017. QM G337463 same collection details as QM G337513, Sample 88-141.2. QM G337476, off Gippsland, Tasman Sea, Station 33, Victoria, Australia, 38° 31’ 15.6”– 38° 29’ 52.8” S, 150° 12’ 46.8”– 150° 12’ 25.2” E, 4107– 4064 m, Brenke epibenthic Sledge, Coll. Merrick Ekins on RV Investigator , Cruise IN2017_ V03, Sample 33-156, 24/v/2017. SAMA S314, off Kaiser Wilhelm Land, Antarctica, BANZARE Station 100, 65° 48’ S, 89° 49’ E, 393 m, large rectangular dredge, Coll. BANZARE, 3/v/1931. Mycalostyles 621-(1364)-1816 x 7-(19)-33 Subtylostyles 202-(285)-328 x 4-(5)-8undifferentiatedunknownpalmate anisochelae (11-(13)-15 x 2-(3)-5absentabsentOff Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia, abyssal .....Continued on the next pagepalmate anisochelae 11–16 x 5–8Sigmancistras 9–1130–51 x 3–11Great Australian Bight, bathyal .....Continued on the next pageundifferentiatedundifferentiatedpalmate anisochelae 9–22 x 4–9 (10–14) [11–13]absentabsentWilkes Land, Willhem II Coast & Drake Passage, Antarctica, mesophotic- abyssal .....Continued on the next pageaxial mycalostyles, 440–510 x 11–12subtylostyles 1, 238–476 x 7–8 subtylostyles 2, 149–230 x 5–7 polytylote styles 3, 700–1400 x 5unknownarcuate to palmate anisochelae, 17–19absentabsentReykjanes Ridge, N Atlantic, bathyal .....Continued on the next pageup to 100 x 40Axis with longitudinally arranged styles, with single styles radiating from the centre, ridges or filaments have denser bundles of styles than rest of the tissue, tylostyles associated with embryosstyles 370-(650)-963 x 5-(10)-16 tylostyles 66-(96)-152 x 2-(3.5)-6undifferentiatedundifferentiatedpalmate anisochelae 1, 21-(25)-28 palmate anisochelae 2, 13-(14.5)-17absent36-(41)-49 N Atlantic, mesophotic .....Continued on the next pageabsentabsentOff Acapulco- Panama, bathyal .....Continued on the next page7 x 2Axis of stem with a longitudinal bundles and surface is hispid from small radial spicule bundles packed closely togethermycalostyles 1500–3200 x 25–35styles 700–850 x 20–22unknownpalmate anisochelae 14–16absent65–75 x 1Kermadec Trench, off New Zealand, hadal .....Continued on the next pagestyles- subtylostyles 1, 350–920 x 3–7styles- undifferentiated subtylostyles 2, 385–780 x 2–7palmate anisochelae 11–13absent25–34La Ciotat, French Mediterranean, aphotic shallo cave .....Continued on the next page50 x 4Axial skeleton formed by longitudinal tracts of megascleres, lateral shoots also composed of short tracts internally superimposed on axial skeletonmycalostyles 1, 110–2000 x 8–22 subtylostyles 200–500 x 6–10undifferentiatedunknownpalmate anisochelae 10–14absentabsentOyashio Current, off Kuril Is, photicmesophotic .....Continued on the next page11 x 7Axis with longitudinal bundles of styles/ mycalostyles 1, filaments perpendicular to main axis, slightly conical at the base, with mycalostyles 1 anchored in the main axis by their heads with points directed towards the apex of filamentstyles/ mycalostyles 1, 300–3275 x 3–25 styles/ subtylostyles 2, 123–246 x 10–15undifferentiatedundifferentiatedpalmate anisochelae 10–20microstrongyl es 82–103 x 5–13absentoff SE Diego Ramírez Archipelago, South of Chile, bathyal .....Continued on the next pagestyles 1, 1390 x19styles 2, 410–680 x 13styles palmate 2, 410–680 x 13 anisochelae 13absent32Vancouver Island, Canada, photic .....Continued on the next page6 x 3Skeletal structure not described(subtylo-)styles 1, 1786–2774 x 8–20 subtylostyles 2, 390–730 x 8–14 subtylostyles 3, 160–355 x 6–10 styles 1, 600– 1080x 26–37 styles 2, 1615– 1950 x 11–17undifferentiatedundifferentiated anisochelae 1, 34–42 x 14–25 palmate anisochelae 2, 22–27 x 10–14absent53–83 x 3–5Antarctic Weddell Sea, abyssal .....Continued on the next pagestyles 1, 599-(736)-804 x 8-(11)-12tylostyles (embryos), 89-(125)-156 x 4-(4.2)-6styles 2, palmate 344-(406)-484 anisochelae x 8-(10)-12 1, 20-(23)-24 palmate anisochelae 2 (embryos), 10-(12)-14absent36-(41)-44 Barents Sea, West Greenland, Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, mesophotic- bathyal .....Continued on the next pagestyles 428-(1049)-974 x 5-(11)-19tylostyles (embryos), 96-(118)-163 x 2-(4)-6undifferentiated palmate anisochelae 12-(15)-18absent37-(49)-57 Norwegian Shelf and E Greenland Shelf, mesophotic- bathyal .....Continued on the next page25 x 8Axis of stem made up of tightly packed subtylostyles that diverge to form the main bodysubtylostyles 580 x?oxeas to strongyles (embryos)unknownpalmate/ arcuate anisochelae, 27absent76Grand Banks, off Newfoundland, probably bathyal Distribution : This species is a Southern Ocean species known predominately from the mesophotic, bathyal and abyssal depths of Antarctica (Hentschel 1914, Burton 1932, 1934, Koltun 1964, Dressler-Allame et al. 2017), Drakes Passage (Goodwin et al. 2017), Campos Basin, SE Brazil, SW Atlantic Ocean (Lopes & Hajdu 2014), and now off Southern and central Eastern Australia, Tasman Sea, at abyssal depth. Description: Growth form : A delicate erect cup-shaped pedunculate sponge on a thin stem, with a slightly expanded basal attachment (Figure 26 A, K–M). Stems measure 7–30 mm long, 0.5–1 mm diameter; sponge bodies are elongated, 3–7 mm long, 3–4 mm in diameter. Apex of the body is a shallow convex cup. Colour : Beige on deck and in ethanol. Ectosomal skeleton : The ectosome on the exterior surface of the cup-shaped body is composed of a palisade of radially projecting mycalostyles 3, formed into vertical columns tangential to the surface all orientated towards the cup aperture (Figure 26 A, I–J). These are overlaying the two other sizes of mycalostyle in the endosome in parallel. There are also anisochelae incorporated into the ectosome. The ectosome on the interior surface is covered with anisochelae (Figure 26 J). The ectosome of the stem is also covered with the anisochelae and perforated by the smallest mycalostyles 3, forming a hispid surface. Endosomal skeleton : The endosome of the body is composed of ribs of longitudinally projecting large mycalostyles 1, formed into vertical columns tangential to the surface all orientated towards the cup aperture, together forming a palisade. This palisade is overlaid by the smaller mycalostyles 2, which in turn are overlaid by the smallest mycalostyles 3, in the ectosome, all in parallel. The endosome of the stem is a series of longitudinally orientated mycalostyles 1. Megascleres: There are three size classes of mycalostyles. The largest mycalostyle 1 with tapering points, slightly subtylote or tylote bases, and with their largest diameter in the midsection of the spicule (511-(667)-911 x 9.6-(16.7)- 30.1 µm, n=29) (Figure 26 C–D). Mycalostyle 1 provides all the support longitudinally aligned in the stem and forms the structural component of the axis of the calyx body. The medium sized mycalostyle 2, also with tapering points, slightly subtylote or tylote bases, and with their largest diameter in the midsection of the spicule (371-(464)-566 x 6.0-(8.7)-11.6 μm, n=12) (Figure 26 E–F). Mycalostyle 2 only occurs in the calyx surrounding the mycalostyle 1 and projecting all the way to the lip of the calyx. The smallest mycalostyle 3 occurs in the calyx as a protective sheath over mycalostyles 2 and at right angles to the longitudinally mycalostyles 1 in the stem, producing the hispid stem (128-(174)-234 x 2.6-(4.1)-6.1 μm, n=15) (Figure 26 G–H). (Table 15). Microscleres : Anisochelae have three larger upper palmate alae with the two lateral alae fully attached to the fimbriae, and three smaller basal arcuate alae, partially or nearly fully fused together, and with serrations on the upper edges of the alae (Table 15) (Figure 26 B). Molecular data : It was not possible to get unambiguous molecular data from the present material Remarks : These specimens from the Tasman Sea conform to the description and measurements of the predominately Antarctic species, L. calyx , as described by Hentschel (1914). The spicule measurements also fall within the range of those published by other authors (Koltun 1964, Lopes & Hajdu 2014, Dressler-Allame et al. 2017, Goodwin et al. 2017). The general morphology of these specimens differ from those of Goodwin et al. (2017) in that the external surface of the cup is composed entirely of subtylostyles (Figure 26 A, I–J), and it is only the inside of the cup that contains all the anisochelae (Figure 26 J). This species currently has a Southern circum-polar distribution and may possibly be found to extend into lower latitudes as deep-ocean sampling continues. : Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. 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