Asbestopluma (Abestopluma) maxisigma Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper 2020, sp. nov.

• Main Authors: Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk, Hooper, John N. A.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2020
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Porifera; Demospongiae; Poecilosclerida; Cladorhizidae; Asbestopluma; Asbestopluma maxisigma; Antarctic; Southern Ocean; The Antarctic; Austin; Drake Passage; Pacific; Indian; New Zealand; Wilkes Land; Charcot; Gerlache; De Gerlache; Goodwin; Merrick; Ramirez; Sars Seamount; Ridley; Antarc*; Antarctica; Antarctique*; Kamchatka; Macquarie Island; Sakhalin; Aleutian Islands
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3846444; https://zenodo.org/record/3846444

Asbestopluma ( Abestopluma ) maxisigma sp. nov. Figure 6, Table 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EC21238B-C8A3-461F-B58D-23BFAC13ABBC Material Examined : Holotype: QM G337488 off Jervis Bay, Station 56, New South Wales, Australia, 35 o 19’58.81”– 35° 19’55.2” S, 151 o 15’28.8”– 151°12’ 50.4” E, 2636– 2342 m, Beam Trawl, Coll. Merrick Ekins on RV Investigator , Cruise IN2017_ V03, Sample 56–236, 29/v/2017. Etymology : Named ‘maxi’ for the maximum sized sigmas this species has, in addition to the usual small sigmas common amongst other species in the genus. The name also honours the family of the senior author, ‘Max Ekins I–IV’, of which I and II being great grandfather and grandfather respectively, and III and IV being father and brother respectively. Distribution : This species is presently known only from type locality on the continental slope off Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia, at bathyal depth. Description: Growth form : An erect columnar pedunculate sponge with pinnate filaments projecting at right angles to the stem. This specimen is only 28 mm high, up to 2 mm wide, but the basal root and the top portion of the sponge are missing. On this station, the beam trawl was a fairly uniform muddy soft substrate. The filaments are up to 10 mm in length and 0.5 mm in width and project into four columns, with a right angle between them. Colour : Pale cream on deck and in ethanol. Ectosomal skeleton : The ectosome of both the stem and the filaments consist of soft tissue encrusted with anisochelae and sigmas. Endosomal skeleton : The axis of the stem and the filaments consists of tightly bound longitudinal tracts of mycalostyles. The mycalostyles are also arranged as buttresses providing support for the filaments that are also composed of the same styles and arise tangential to the stem (see Figure 6 H), so that at their ends the mycalostyles converge onto the filament mycalostyles. In addition there are supplementary smaller very fine and short filament columns composed of the subtylostyles projecting at right angles to the stem and similarly converging with buttressing mycalostyles. axial styles 1550–2100 × 30–35 acanthotylo- strongyles 65–165 × 0.8–2.3axial mycalostyles 370–780 × 8.5–17 acantho- tylostrongyles 65–165 × 0.8–2.3styles- substrongyles 220–535 × 15–42anisochelae 1, 32–36 x 4.1–5 anisochelae 2, 9.8–10.5 x 0.8–123–28 x 2.3absentEast Pacific Rise. Garrett Segment, bathyal ...Continued on the next pagemycalostyles 1010-(1449)-2070 x 17.3-(24.2)-31.4subtylostyles 610-(734)-880 x 11.0-(15.1)-18.8strongyles 460-(659)- 830 x 3.1- (6.0)-9.4 acanthostyles 127–(198)- 250 x 1.5palmate anisochelae 11.0- (12.7)-14.127.0-(30.7)- 34.5absentAntarctica and western coast of Africa, bathyal ...Continued on the next page95–120 x 1Dense spicular axis of mycalostyles- styles, outer layer of acanthotylostrongyles, filaments cored by subtylostylesmycalostyles-styles 1 500–1900 x 8–20 acanthotylostrongyles 100–500 x 1–3subtylostyles 375–1300 x 10–25absentpalmate anisochelae 8–1325–28absentSE Pacific, Kermadec Trench, Coral Sea off New Caledonia, and NW Pacific off Aleutian Islands, bathyal-abyssal ...Continued on the next page83–109 x 1Axis with longitudinally arranged mycalostyles, filaments of subtylostyles perpendicular to stem, basal stem with acanthotylostylesmycalostyles 990-(1194)-1426 x 18-(23)-33 acanthotylostyles 74-(114)-194subtylostyles 320-(550)-660 x 8–(12)-14absentanisocerci -chelae 52-(64)-74 Palmate anisochelae 8-(10)-1219-(26)-34absentBeata Ridge, Caribbean Sea, abyssal ...Continued on the next page10Axis with tracts of polytylote tylostyles, filaments with shorter tylostylespolytylote tylostyles 275–990 x 5–24smaller tylostylesabsentarcuate anisochelae 25–2871–104absentNW Pacific, abyssal ...Continued on the next page60 x 0.5Axis of stem with larger mycalostyles, bud-like filaments with smaller subtylostyles and also found on surface of stemmycalostyles 1000–1202 x 18–32subtylostyles 292–339 x 9–16absentanisochelae 1, 69–96 anisochelae 2, 17–319–14absentShakleton Fracture Zone, Antarctica, bathyal ...Continued on the next page38 x 5Axis and filaments with longitudinal and perpendicular tracts, respectively, of mycalostyles and subtylostyles, acanthotylostrong yles and desmas in basal holdfastmycalostyles 472–1180 x 5–28 subtylostyles 205–523 x 3–15 smaller curved subtylostyles 60–95 x 5–8undifferentiatedmonocrepid desmas 369–657 x 25–50 acanthotylostrongyles 78–128 x 3–5arcuate anisochelae 38–63 anchorate- unguiferate anisochelae 13–1815–23absentCampos Basin and Florianopo lis, Brazil, mesophotic ...Continued on the next pagesubtylostyles 1, 637-(811)-933 x 15.9-(20.4)-28.7 subtylostyles 2, 356-(494)-719 x 6.5-(10.3)-14.3 subtylostyles 3, 223-(250)-299 x 3.8-(4.8)-7.0undifferentiatedundifferentiated palmate anisochelae 13.8-(15.4)- 17.2absentcontorted sigmas 39.5-(46.7)- 54.1SW Indian Ocean Ridge, S Africa, mesophotic ...Continued on the next page194–280 x 130Axis of branches and stem with bundles of smaller mycalostyles, filaments with bundles of larger mycalostyles, large curved styles in basal conemycalostyles 705-(751)-797 x 23-(25.5)-27mycalostyles 627-(687)-756 x 15-(17.5)-20curved mycalostyles 382-(462.1)-540 x 32-(39.97)-48 Microacantho- tylostrongyle 87-(98.1)-109 x 1.3-(1.7)-2.1palmate absent anisochelae 11-(11.8)-12.5sigmas 21-(22.9)-24Davidson Seamount and Monteray Canyon, California, bathyal ...Continued on the next page85 x 1.5Axis with core of longitudinal mycalostyles, projecting filaments cored by subtylostyle bundles, desmas present in basal part the spongemycalostyles 570-(772)- 893 x 12.9- (20.6)-28.3subtylostyles 1, 470-(584)-719 x 9.7-(13.5)-19.7 subtylostyles 2, 133-(176)-218 x 3.1-(5.5)-7.0 subtylostyles 3, 113-(321)-557 x 18.6-(25.8)-31.8desmas 186-(318)-445arcuate 15.2-18.9- anisochelae 22.6 1, 82.2-(95.2)- 107.6 arcuate anisochelae 2, 9.5-(11.9)- 14.1absentSouthwest ern Indian Ocean Ridge, mesophotic- bathyal ...Continued on the next page5–15 x 0.7Axis of stem with longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles, filaments of subtylostyles perpendicular to stem, no special basal spiculesmycalostyles subtylostyles 351-(567)- 224-(265)-292 742 x 4.1-(7.1)-13.4 x 13.3-(19.8)- 32.5undifferentiated arcuate anisochelae 15.2-(19.7)- 26.9 palmate anisochelae 6.9-(10)- 11.3 11.9-15.7- 20absentSouthwest ern Indian Ocean Ridge, mesophoticbathyal ...Continued on the next pagemycalostyles 581-(731)-918 x 16.0-(23.8)- 34.2subtylostyles unknown 514-(638)-810 x 11.0-(15.8)-20.3 acanthotylostyles 75-(111)-142arcuate anisochelae 42.7-(49.3)- 57.2 palmate anisochelae 8.6-(10.6)-12.620.3-(23.0)- 31.6absentNW Atlantic, mesophotic- bathyal ...Continued on the next page12–16 x 1–1.6Axis and filaments with longitudinal and perpendicular tracts of mycalostyles, respectively, acanthotylostrongyles form basal holdfastmycalostyles 236–944 x 5–15undifferentiatedAcanthotylo- strongyles 38–118 x 3–5Palmate anisochelae 8–1520–45absentCampos Basin, SE Brazil, mesophotic ...Continued on the next pageoxeas 216-(424.6)-77 x 5-(10.0)-20 styles/mycalostyles 420-(552.4)-70 x 8 8-(18.0)-30mycalostyles/ subtylo styles 185-(314.3)-585 x 5-(9.4)-13styles/oxeas/ anisostrongyles 125-(256.8)-510 x 13-(19.5)-28palmate isochelae 23-(31.3)- 43 palmate anisochelae 10-(10.7)- 1318-(21.9)- 25microstrongyles 30-(51.3)-75 x 5-(7.3)-8 microtylostyles 23-(26.3)-30 x 8Diego Ramírez Archipela go (south Chile), bathyal ...Continued on the next page15 x 1–2Axis of stem with larger mycalostyles with micro-strongyles, filaments corerd by single smaller style, base with mass of styles, microstrongyles and microtylostrongylesmycalostyles 562–678 x 15–30mycalostyles 208–265 x 5–10mycalostyles 209–606 x 20–39 strongyles 37–53 x 5–12 anthomicrotylostrong yles 22–32 x 3–8arcuate anisochelae 32–43 palmate anisochelae 8–11Drake Passage, Sars Seamount, bathyal ...Continued on the next pagestyles 470–500 x 11 oxeas 425–525 x 15sybtylote-polytylote styles 290–310 x 4–6desmas 435–630 x 15–20palmate absent anisochelae 11microsubtylostyles 11–12 x 5 microstrongyles 23–95 x 1–3Canary Islands, NE Atlantic, bathyal Megascleres: Styles of two types in two statistically significant size classes in length and width (P<0.0001). Large mycalostyles, thickest at the middle of the spicule and tapering at both ends (855-(1000)-1130 μm x 15.7- (21.2)-28.3 μm, n=47). Smaller subtylostyles with slightly swollen bases and tapering to fine points (427-(586)-805 x 3.7-(9.4)-15.3 μm, n=57). Microscleres : Arcuate anisochelae, head with the lateral alae fully fused to the shaft and a large frontal alae significantly detached from lateral alae, foot with two fully fused nearly atrophied lateral alae and a single larger frontal ala with a tooth-like termination (Length 10.5-(13.1)-16.1 μm, large frontal alae width 2.3-(3.3)-4.2 μm, small lat- eral alae width 2.2-(2.8)-3.7 μm, n=62). Sigmas, predominantly s-shaped, fewer c-shaped, in two size classes: larger sigmas (43.4-(54.0)-68.7 μm, n=40), smaller sigmas (20.2-(27.7)-37.8 μm, n=71). Molecular data : The 28S sequence of QM G337488 is provided in the Sponge Barcoding Database under accession number SBD#2311 and the molecular difference to other congenerics displayed in Figure 3. Remarks : This species differs from other known species of Asbestopluma in having two sizes of sigmas and only one type of small anisochelae (Table 4). Asbestopluma (A.) maxisigma sp. nov. appears to be most closely related to A. (A.) biserialis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), known from the South Pacific (SE Pacific, Ridley & Dendy 1886; Kermadec Trench, Lévi 1964; and the Coral Sea off New Caledonia, Lévi 1993), and the North Pacific (south of the Aleutian Islands, Koltun 1970), from bathyal and abyssal depths. Both species have vaguely similar pinnate pedunculate morphologies but the new species has twice as many columns of filaments (i.e. four as opposed to two). Mycalostyles-styles of the axial skeleton are much shorter and thinner in the new species, which also possesses two size classes of sigmas, but it lacks the acanthotylostrongyles found in A. (A.) biserialis . The smaller anisochelae of A. (A.) desmophora Kelly & Vacelet, 2011, from the mesophotic-bathyal depths of the Macquarie Ridge seamounts, are similar in geometry and size to those of the present species, both having a tooth-like termination on the frontal ala of the foot, but the former also has a second category of larger anisochelae with a different geometry, has only one size category of small sigmas, and also possesses sigmancistras. The pedunculate gross morphology of A. (A.) maxisigma sp. nov. is also very different from the arborescent A. (A.) desmophora , the latter also having basal desmas and microtylostrongyles. In its gross morphology this new species also resembles A. (A.) belgicae (Topsent, 1901), (qv Lopes et al. 2011, Hestetun et al. 2015, Goodwin et al. 2017). However, A. (A.) maxisigma sp. nov. has the following differences: much larger styles, two size categories of styles, larger anisochelae and two categories of sigmas. Asbestopluma (A.) sarsensis Goodwin et al. , 2017 is similar in spiculation to A. (A.) belgicae, and also differs from the present species for the same reasons given above, in addition to also having a very different growth form. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) obae Koltun, 1964 from Wilkes Land, Antarctica differs from the present species in having acanthotylostrongyles, lacking the larger sigmas, and lacking horizontal filaments. : Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2020, Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition, pp. 1-159 in Zootaxa 4774 (1) on pages 28-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3825140 : {"references": ["Vacelet, J. 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