Novel quantitative push gravity/electricity theory poised for verification
[Note for version_13: Fig. 45b is corrected from an oversight in plotting the composite real mass curve, all else is the same as version_12 typed in teal color font]. Abstract New work provides compelling evidence for a genuine re-appraisal of an old way to explain gravity, which has been sidelined...
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Report |
| Language: | unknown |
| Published: |
Zenodo
2022
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3596184 https://zenodo.org/record/3596184 |
| Summary: | [Note for version_13: Fig. 45b is corrected from an oversight in plotting the composite real mass curve, all else is the same as version_12 typed in teal color font]. Abstract New work provides compelling evidence for a genuine re-appraisal of an old way to explain gravity, which has been sidelined in the periphery of science for a long time. A novel quantitative push gravity theory has been advanced on the basis of a set of primary principles (postulates), from which the derivation of classical acceleration and force by stationary massive bodies in the steady state is possible. In contrast to prior conceptions, it is shown that the absorption of gravity particles by matter need not be extremely weak and linear, in order to derive and explain the observed classical laws of gravity. Any value of the absorption coefficient by a uniform spherical mass produces a gravitational field obeying the inverse square of distance law. The gravitational constant (big G), is itself a function of the ratio of the absorption coefficient over the density of matter. The latter ratio (mass attenuation coefficient) now becomes the new universal gravitational constant of the cosmos, whilst G can vary in different locations of the universe. The measured mass of planets and stars is only an effective or apparent mass actually smaller than the real mass due to a self-shadowing or shielding effect of the absorption of gravitational particles. Any given mass appears quantitatively different depending on its spatial distribution. We now find that Newton's gravitational law uses only the apparent (or effective) masses with a potentially variable G, but the inverse square distance relationship is locally preserved in the cosmos. The radiant flux of energetic particles being uniform over a region of space creates a maximum acceleration of gravity for all material bodies in that region, so that any further mass accretion over a certain upper limit does not create additional acceleration; this limit is reached when practically all gravitational particles are absorbed (saturation state) by the massive body above a saturation mass. The latter limit should be measurable, for which some tentative situations and experiments are proposed for prospective experiments and tests. The internal field of a spherical mass and the external field of a two layered sphere have been derived. The superposition principle of gravity fields has been reformulated and the Allais effect explained and calculated. The equivalence principle can now be properly understood and explained in a way that the principle per se becomes redundant under the theory being self-consistent. Matter, inertia and mass can be properly defined and understood. For moving bodies, the established relationships from special and general relativity may continue to operate within the gravitational fields created by push particles, but may need to be adapted and re-aligned within the greater framework of push gravity principles operating at any distance. These advances constitute the main part of this report purported to become a valid mathematical formulation for a basic physical interpretation or embodiment of gravity poised for verification. An attempt is made to overcome the main remaining objection of presumed catastrophic thermal accretion of absorbed particles. A further attempt is made also for the push-gravity principles to explain the vastly higher intensity gravitational fields of white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. It is proposed that the field of white dwarf stars is created also by push particles but of a different kind, namely, by those responsible for mediating the electric field. In the same way, the field of neutron stars is created by yet a third kind of push particles, namely, those responsible for mediating the nuclear field. The effective mass attenuation coefficient is variable around those massive bodies. In general, push particles may exist with different energy (or mass) having different mean free paths as they traverse different concentrations of masses like black holes, neutron stars, dwarfs, stars, planets, ordinary masses, atoms, nuclei, protons and all the known or unknown sub-nuclear particles. The invariable principle of momentum transfer (push) by particles directly relating to their absorption rate by the various concentrations (density) of masses could be the basis and the starting principle for a prospective unification theory of everything. Further work seems to explain a common underlying mechanism manifesting itself as effective mass and force, both of which are caused by the rate of push particles absorption. Intrinsic effective mass of lone bodies and variable effective mass of interacting bodies are liaised with a force always obeying the inverse square distance law. The general constitutional equations of push gravity are now provided. The electron radius can be found by this theory. A push electricity theory is initiated providing the general framework for a unification of gravitational and electric fields. Action, reaction, mass accretion during acceleration and mass dependence on velocity are investigated for a rocket system and for falling spheres system. Vortex fluid mechanics is introduced for improved electron/positron modeling. The speed of falling bodies. : To assist returning readers, the edits of the current version v12 are typed in teal color font. Please email comments to the author. Feedback on this working paper is welcome whether on scientific queries or noted editing or oversighted errors. The paper has not been read/checked by others prior to upload, and feedback would be much appreciated. : {"references": ["Chappel, J.M., Iqbal, A. & Abbott, D. (2012) The gravitational field of a cube. arXiv:1206.3857v1 [physics.class-ph]", "de Duillier, Nicolas Fatio (1929) De la cause de la pesanteur. Drei Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik, in: Schriften der Strassburger Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft in Heidelberg, 10:(19-66). URL https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/De_la_cause_de_la_pesanteur#", "Dibrov, A. (2011) Unified model of shadow-gravity and the exploding electron. Apeiron 18, 43-83", "Gagnebin, B (1949) De la cause de la pesanteur. M\u00e9moire de Nicolas Fatio de Duillier pr\u00e9sente \u00e0 la Royal Society le 26 f\u00e9vrier 1690. The Royal Society 6(2), 125-160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1949.0017", "Lorenzen, B. (2017) The cause of the allais effect solved. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 7, 69-90", "Poincar\u00e9, H. (1908) La dinamique de l' \u00e9l\u00e9ctron. Revue Gen. Sci. Pures Appl. 19, 386-402", "Thomas, C.M. (2014) Graviton theory of everything. http://astronomy-links.net/GToE.html", "Zumberge, Mark A., Ander, Mark E., Lautzenhiser, Ted V., Parker, Robert L., Aiken, Carlos L. V., Gorman, Michael R., Nieto, Michael Martin, Cooper, A. Paul R., Ferguson, John F., Fisher, Elizabeth, Greer, James, Hammer, Phil, Hansen, B. Lyle, McMechan, George A., Sasagawa, Glenn S., Sidles, Cyndi, Stevenson, J. Mark & Wirtz, Jim (1990) The greenland gravitational constant experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research 95(B10), 15483. doi:10.1029/jb095ib10p15483", "Bialy, S. & Loeb, A. (2018) Could solar radiation pressure explain Oumuamua's peculiar acceleration? The Astrophysical Journal Letters 868:L1, 1-5. doi:https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaeda8.", "Kajari, E., Harshman, N.L., Rasel, E.M., Stenholm, S., Sussmann, G. & Schleich, W.P. (2010) Inertial and gravitational mass in quantum mechanics. arXiv doi:10.1007/s00340-010-4085-8. URL https://arxiv. org/abs/1006.1988.", "Bird, G.A. (1995) Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows. Oxford University Press, New York.", "Danilatos, G.D. (1997) In-Situ Microscopy in Materials Research, chap. 2. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, pp. 14-44. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London.", "Danilatos, G.D. (2012) Velocity and ejector-jet assisted differential pumping: Novel design stages for environmental SEM. Micron 43, 600-611.", "Edwards, R. M. (2007) Photon-graviton recycling as cause of gravitation. Apeiron 14(3), 214-233.", "Gamow, G. (1949) On relativistic cosmology. Reviews of Modern Physics 21(3), 367-373. doi:10.1103/ RevModPhys.21.367.", "Hogan, C.J. (1989) Mock gravity and cosmic structure. The Astrophysical Journal 340(1-10). doi:10.1086/ 167371.", "Okun, R.F. (2006) The concept of mass in the einstein year. arXiv doi:10.1142/9789812772657_0001. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0602037v1.", "Wang, B. & Field, G.B. (1989) Galaxy formation by mock gravity with dust. The Astrophysical Journal 346, 2?11. doi:10.1086/167981.", "Field, G.B. (1971) Instability and waves driven by radiation in interstellar space and in cosmological models. The Astrophysical Journal 165, 29-40. doi:10.1086/150873.", "Giacintucci, S., Markevitch, M., Johnston-Hollitt, M., Wik, 5 Q. D. R., Wang, H. S. & Clarke, T. E. (2020) Discovery of a giant radio fossil in the ophiuchus galaxy cluster. arXiv:2002.01291 [astro-ph.GA] .", "Lomas, Robert (1999) The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century. Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0747275882.", "Fedosin, Sergey G. (2021) On the structure of the force field in electro gravitational vacuum doi:10.5281/zenodo.4515206.", "Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J. & Navardo, Gaspar Moreno (2012) CUBIC NEUTRONS. Modern Physics Letters A 27(06), 1250033. doi:10.1142/S0217732312500332.", "Loureiro, A, Cuceu, A, Abdalla, FiB., Moraes, B, Whiteway, L, McLeod, M, Balan, ST., Lahav, O, Benoit-L\u00e9vy, A, Manera, M & et al. (2019) Upper bound of neutrino masses from combined cosmological observations and particle physics experiments. Physical Review Letters 123(8). ISSN 1079-7114. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.081301. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.081301.", "Meis, C. (2020) Quantum vacuum cosmology. ZENODO doi:10.5281/zenodo.4393542", "Sukhorukov, NV (2017-2020) Electron radius in the macroneutrino model of the electron using the orbital conception of elementary particles URL https://sites.google.com/site/snvspace22/science/electronradius.", "Stein, Robert, van Velzen, Sjoert, Kowalski, Marek, Franckowiak, Anna, Gezari, Suvi, Miller-Jones, James C. A., Frederick, Sara, Sfaradi, Itai, Bietenholz, Michael F., Horesh, Assaf, Fender, Rob, Garrappa, Simone, Ahumada, Tom\u00e1s, Andreoni, Igor, Belicki, Justin, Bellm, Eric C., B\u00f6ttcher, Markus, Brinnel, Valery, Burruss, Rick, Cenko, S. Bradley, Coughlin, Michael W., Cunningham, Virginia, Drake, Andrew, Farrar, Glennys R., Feeney, Michael, Foley, Ryan J., Gal-Yam, Avishay, Golkhou, V. Zach, Goobar, Ariel, Graham, Matthew J., Hammerstein, Erica, Helou, George, Hung, Tiara, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Kilpatrick, Charles D., Kong, Albert K. H., Kupfer, Thomas, Laher, Russ R., Mahabal, Ashish A., Masci, Frank J., Necker, Jannis, Nordin, Jakob, Perley, Daniel A., Rigault, Mickael, Reusch, Simeon, Rodriguez, Hector, Rojas-Bravo, C\u00e9sar, Rusholme, Ben, Shupe, David L., Singer, Leo P., Sollerman, Jesper, Soumagnac, Maayane T., Stern, Daniel, Taggart, Kirsty, van Santen, Jakob, Ward, Charlotte, Woudt, Patrick & Yao, Yuhan (2021) A tidal disruption event coincident with a high-energy neutrino. Nature Astronomy doi:10.1038/s41550-020-01295-8.", "Dehmelt, HG (1989) Experiments with an isolated subatomic particle at rest URL https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/dehmelt-lecture.pdf.", "Simaciu, I. (2006) Contribution to the development of the theory with absorption of gravitational interaction. BULETINUL Universitatii Petrol - Gaze din Ploiesti Vol. LVIII(1), 73-80.", "Vayenas, CG & Grigoriou, D (2020) Mass generation via gravitational con?nement of relativistic neutrinos. arXiv:2001.09760 [physics.gen-ph] URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09760.", "Vayenas, CG, Tsousis, D & Grigoriou, D (2020) Computation of the masses, energies and internal pressures of hadrons, mesons and bosons via the rotating lepton model. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 545, 123679. ISSN 0378-4371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.123679. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378437119320515.", "Watkins, T (2020a) Estimates of the mass densities of up and down quarks and estimates of the outer radii of the small, medium and large up and down quarks URL https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/ quarkmasses.htm", "Watkins, T (2020b) A sensible model for the con?nement and asymptotic freedom of quarks URL https: //www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/quarkconfine2.htm.", "Ad\u00e2muti, I. A. (1982) The screen effect of the earth in the TETG. Il Nuovo Cimento C 5(2), 189-208. doi:10.1007/BF02509010", "Kelvin, Lord (1867) On vortex atoms. Proc. Royal Society of Edinburgh VI, 94-105.", "Parson, A.L (1915) A magneton theory of the structure of the atom. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 65(11), 1-86.", "Papathanasiou, KS & Papathanasiou, MK (2020) Proton and Electron as Cyclones Formulation of a Theory of Everything. ISBN 978-960-8257-77-1.", "Consa, O (2018) Helical solenoid model of the electron. Progress in Physics 14, 80-89.", "Bulgac, A., Luo, Y.-L., Magierski, P., Roche, K. J. & Yu, Y. (2011) Real-time dynamics of quantized vortices in a unitary fermi superfluid. Science 332(6035), 1288-1291. doi:10.1126/science.1201968.", "Bulgac, Aurel, Forbes, Michael McNeil, Kelley, Michelle M., Roche, Kenneth J. & Wlazlowski, Gabriel (2014) Quantized superfluid vortex rings in the unitary fermi gas. Physical Review Letters 112(2). doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.025301.", "Bannikova, E. Yu., Kontorovich, V. M. & Poslavsky, S. A. (2016) Helicity of a toroidal vortex with swirl. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 122(4), 769-775. doi:10.1134/s1063776116040026.", "Falconer, Isobel (2019) Vortices and atoms in the maxwellian era. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377(2158), 20180451. doi:10.1098/rsta.2018. 0451.", "Rankine, William John Macquorn (1855) LVII. on the hypothesis of molecular vortices, or centrifugal theory of elasticity, and its connexion with the theory of heat. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 10(68), 411-420. doi:10.1080/14786445508642001.", "Kotler, Shlomi, Peterson, Gabriel A., Shojaee, Ezad, Lecocq, Florent, Cicak, Katarina, Kwiatkowski, Alex, Geller, Shawn, Glancy, Scott, Knill, Emanuel, Simmonds, Raymond W., Aumentado, Jos\u00e9 & Teufel, John D. (2021) Direct observation of deterministic macroscopic entanglement. Science 372(6542), 622-625. doi:10.1126/science.abf2998.", "Fedi, Marco (2016) A superfuid Theory of Everything? URL https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01312579. Working paper or preprint.", "Hunt, A.J. (2019) New atomic model from the spectra of hydrogen, helium, beryllium, boron, carbon, and deuterium and their ions. American Based Research Journal ISSN 2304-7151. doi:10.5281/ZENODO. 3456955.", "Zinserling, Francois (2021) A new perspective on Fatio's Flux. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5773482. URL https: //doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5773482.", "Touboul, Pierre, M\u00e9tris, Gilles, Rodrigues, Manuel, Andr\u00e9, Yves, Baghi, Quentin, Berg\u00e9, Joel, Boulanger, Damien, Bremer, Stefanie, Chhun, Ratana, Christophe, Bruno, Cipolla, Valerio, Damour, Thibault, Danto, Pascale, Dittus, Hansjoerg, Fayet, Pierre, Foulon, Bernard, Guidotti, Pierre-Yves, Hardy, Emilie, Huynh, Phuong-Anh, L\u00e4mmerzahl, Claus, Lebat, Vincent, Liorzou, Fran\u00e7oise, List, Meike, Panet, Isabelle, Pires, Sandrine, Pouilloux, Benjamin, Prieur, Pascal, Reynaud, Serge, Rievers, Benny, Robert, Alain, Selig, Hanns, Serron, Laura, Sumner, Timothy & Visser, Pieter (2019) Space test of the equivalence principle: First results of the MICROSCOPE mission 36(22), 225006. doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ab4707"]} |
|---|