Deep Sea - From Unknown to Intended - Deep Sea Observatories, a Tool to Monitor Human Activities

• Main Authors: Colaço, Ana, Carreiro-Silva, Marina
• Format: Book Part
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2018
• Subjects: Deep-sea; observatories; impacts; European Union EU; FP7; Grant Agreement No 603418; Managing Impacts of Deep-Sea Resources; MIDAS; Grant Agreement No 312463; Fixed-point Open Ocean Observatories; FIXO3; Horizon 2020; Grant Agreement No 679849; Deep-sea Sponge Grounds Ecosystems of the North Atlantic an integrated approach towards their preservation and sustainable exploitation; SponGES; Grant Agreement No 689518; Marine Ecosystem Restoration in Changing European Seas; MERCES; Grant Agreement No 678760; A transatlantic assessment and deep-water ecosystem-based management plan for Europe; ATLAS; Grant Agreement No 676555; Implementation and operation development of instrument module; EMSODEV; North Atlantic
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2600713; https://zenodo.org/record/2600713

ABSTRACT The deep-sea environment is the largest ecosystem on earth and poorly study. The lack of affordable technology and the immense size of this ecosystem, with all its different environments and habitats, such as the pelagic realm, the benthos with abyssal planes, ridges, vents, seamounts, cold seeps, sponge aggregations, cold-water corals gardens and reefs, to name just a few, contribute to the lack of knowledge. With the increase technological development, and with the overexploitation of land and shallow water resources, humanity is migrating deeper in the sea, by extracting oil and gas, fishing on deeper grounds, extracting minerals from the continental slopes and discussing the possibility to mine seafloor massive sulphides (SMS), nodules and cobalt crusts. In order to understand human impacts on deep-sea ecosystems and to propose strategies to mitigate these impacts, we need to comprehend the nature of the environment. Time series are crucial, for the continuous measurement of the environmental characteristics of the deep. However, studying the deep-sea is expensive. There is the need of oceanographic vessels, underwater vehicles and sensors that cannot be continuously at sea. To bridge this gap, the scientific community has been working together with engineers to develop continuous observation systems that will allow to have time series, and to understand the natural fluctuations of the en- vironment. Fixed-point observatories exist in several key places around the globe. They can be cabled, tethered or autonomous, measuring con- tinuously or at a high frequency, and sending the data to shore, to warn about potential tsunamis, seismic crises at the bottom of the ocean, or even an increase in the deep-water turbidity. Portugal has been involved in this effort, through the participation and usage of a fixed-point observatory installed as part of the EMSO network, Like the EMSO-Azores in the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent(main- tained by EMSO-France) , and raising funds to install other nodes at the Gulf of Cadiz and on the Condor seamount (Azores). Observatories are used to detect climate change, monitor mining and contribute to Global Ocean Observation System. : CONTEXT. This chapter is part of an e-book published by the Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA) of the University of the Algarve (Portugal) to honor the legacy of Professor Mário Ruvio. The e-book (which is freely available here: https://sapientia.ualg.pt/handle/10400.1/10685), collates contributions from different research centres of Portuguese universities. COPYRIGHT INFO. The e-book is propriety of Universidade do Algarve. © Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR THE CHAPTER. This work is the result of several discussions within the scope of different projects including: the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the projects FIXO3: "Fixed Point Open Ocean Observatories Network". (Grant agreement 312463); MIDAS – "Managing Impacts of Deep-seA reSource exploitation" project (grant agreement 603418); EMSODEV- "Implementation and operation: DEVelopment of instrument module" (grant agreement 676555); and European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the projects MERCES – "Marine Ecosystem Restoration in Changing European Seas" (SC5-07-2015, grant agreement 689518). SPONGES- "Deep-sea Sponge Grounds Ecosystems of the North Atlantic an integrated approach towards their preservation and sustainable exploitation" (EU/H2020/679849), and ATLAS – "A Trans‐Atlantic Assessment and deep‐water ecosystem‐based spatial management plan for Europe" (BG1-01-2015, grant agreement 678760). The paper reflects the authors' views and the European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. AC is supported by Program Investigador (IF/00029/2014/ CP1230/CT0002) from FCT. AC and MCS also had the support of Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, through the strategic project UID/MAR/ 04292/2013 granted to MARE.