Effect Of Monochromatic Light On Early Development Of Amphibians In Experiments.

We studied the impact of environmental color on the early development of two species of Anura (Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria) and one Caudata species (Triturus cristatus). The development rate of Triturus cristatus eggs increased with green–blue light. The illumination color did not affect the rate...

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Main Author: Ruchin, A.
Format: Text
Language:Russian
Published: Zenodo 2018
Subjects:
Online Access:https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345117
https://zenodo.org/record/1345117
id ftdatacite:10.5281/zenodo.1345117
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology)
op_collection_id ftdatacite
language Russian
topic light spectrum
development
embryos
Triturus cristatus
Rana arvalis
Rana temporaria
mortality
spellingShingle light spectrum
development
embryos
Triturus cristatus
Rana arvalis
Rana temporaria
mortality
Ruchin, A.
Effect Of Monochromatic Light On Early Development Of Amphibians In Experiments.
topic_facet light spectrum
development
embryos
Triturus cristatus
Rana arvalis
Rana temporaria
mortality
description We studied the impact of environmental color on the early development of two species of Anura (Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria) and one Caudata species (Triturus cristatus). The development rate of Triturus cristatus eggs increased with green–blue light. The illumination color did not affect the rate of embryonic development in species with a short period of early development (Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria). Mortality at embryonic stages varied in different species. In all species red light negatively affected the survival rate of developing eggs. The larvae that started active feeding of all three species were larger in green–blue light than with white and, naturally, red, light. : {"references": ["Konstantinov, A. S., Vechkanov, V. S., Kuznetsov, V. A., & Ruchin, A. B. (2000). Variations in the abiotic environment as a prerequisite for optimal Rana temporaria L. larval development. Doklady Akademii nauk, 371(4), 559-562.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2000). The effect of light oscillations on the growth of fish juveniles and the brown frog (Rana temporaria). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 79(11), 1331-1336.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2001). Some specific features of growth and energetic in young carp (Cyprinus carpio) under various illumination. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 80(4), 433-437.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2003). Effect of monochromatic light on the growth and development of brown frog (Rana temporaria L.) larvae. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, seriya biologicheskaya, 30(5), 482-484.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2006). Effect of light on white blood cell count in carp Cyprinus carpio L. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, seriya biologicheskaya, 33(5), 517-520, doi:10.1134/S1062359006050153.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2007). Effect of photoperiod on growth, physiological and hematological indices of juvenile Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baerii. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, seriya biologicheskaya, 34(6), 583-589.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2007). Dependence of intensity and daily rhythms of feeding of young silver crucian (\u0421arassius auratus (L.)) at various illumination in experiment. Inland Water Biology, (2), 84-87.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2008). The effects of permanent and variable illumination on the growth, physiological and hematological parameters of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) juveniles. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 87(8), 964-972.", "Kuznetsov, V. A., & Ruchin, A. B. (2001). Effect of pH and illumination oscillations on growth rate and development of Rana ridibunda larvae. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 80(10), 1246-1251.", "Ruchin, A. B., Vechkanov, V. S., & Kuznetsov, V. A. (2002). Growth and feeding intensity of young carp Cyprinus carpio under different constant and variable monochromatic illuminations. Voprosy ikhtiologii, 42(2). 236-241.", "Ruchin, A. B., Lobachev \u0415. \u0410., & Ryzhov \u041c. \u041a. (2004). Influence of abiotic factors of the environment on growth rate Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877. Inland Water Biology, (4), 79-83.", "Ruchin, A. B., & Kuznetsov, V. A. (2003). Effects of oscillations temperature and illumination on growth Poecilia r\u0435ticulat\u0430. Inland Water Biology, (3), 88-92.", "Ruchin, A. B., Vechkanov, V. S., & Kuznetsov, V. A. (2005). Influence of photoperiod on growth and intensity of Feeding of fry of some fish species. Hydrobiological Journal, 41(2), 103-109. doi:10.1615/HydrobJ.v41.i2.80.", "Bambozzi, A. C., Filho, J. T., Thomaz, L. A., & Oshiro, L. M. Y. (2004). Effect of the photoperiod on bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802) tadpoles development. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(1), 1-7. doi:10.1590/S1516-35982004000100001.", "Delgado, M. J., Guti\u00e9rrez, P., & Alonso-Bedate, M. (1987). Melatonin and photoperiod alter growth and larval development in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, 86A(3), 417-421.", "Wright, M. L., Jorey, S. T., Blanchard, L. S., & Basso, C. A. (1988). Effect of a light pulse during the dark on photoperiodic regulation of the rate of thyroxine-induced, spontaneous, and prolactin-inhibited metamorphosis in Rana pipiens tadpoles. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 247, 99-108. doi:10.1111/j.1440-169X.1988.00315.x.", "Rose, M. F., & Rose, S. R. (1998). Melatonin accelerates metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. Journal of Pineal Research, 24, 90-95. doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00372.x.", "Laurila, A., Pakkasmaa, S., & Meril\u00e4 J. (2001). Influence of seasonal time constraints on growth and development of common frog tadpoles: a photoperiod experiment. Oikos, 95, 451-460. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.950310.x.", "Baker, B. J., & Richardson, J. M. L. (2006). The effect of artificial light on male breeding-season behaviour in green frogs, Rana clamitans melanota. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 84, 528-1532.", "Buchanan, B. W. (2006). Observed and potential effects of artificial night lighting on anuran amphibians. Chapter 9. Rich, C. and T. Longcore (Eds). Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Island Press; 192-220.", "Wise, S. E., & Buchanan, B. W. (2006). Influence of artificial illumination on the nocturnal behavior and physiology of salamanders. Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting, 221-251.", "Berkovich, E. M. (1954). Influence of white and monochromatic light on animal organisms. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 36(1), 43-63.", "Eichler, V. B., & Gray, L. S. (1976). The influence of environmental lighting on the growth and prometamorphic development of larval Rana pipiens. Development, Growth & Differentiation, 18, 177-182.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2002). Effects of monochromatic light on growth and development of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis larvae. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 81(6), 752-756.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2003). Effects of permanent and variable illumination on development of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis larvae. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 82(7), 834-838.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2004). Effects of temperature and illumination on growth and development of brown frog larvae (Rana temporaria). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 83(12), 1463-1467.", "Ruchin, A. B., Ryzhov, M. K., Lukiyanov, S. V., & Artaev, O. N. (2005). Urban amphibians and reptiles: their specific structure, distribution, number, and biotopes (with an example of Saransk City). Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, (1), 47-59.", "Ruchin, A. B., Lukiyanov, S. V., Ryzhov, \u041c. \u041a., & Chikhlyaev, I. (2008). Biology of Rana arvalis in Mordovia. Information 2. Reproduction, activity and food. Biologicheskie nauki Kazakhstana, (2), 24-33.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2015). Ecology of amphibians and reptiles of Mordovia. Information 2. Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758. Proceedings of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, (14), 344-358.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2018). The effects of illumination on the early development of amphibians (Amphibia: Anura and Caudata). Peri\u00f3dico Tch\u00ea Qu\u00edmica, 15(30). 152-159.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2004). Influence of colored light on growth rate of juveniles of fish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 30(2), 175-178. doi:10.1007/s10695-005-1263-4.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2016). Effect of light on the development of the hard roe of Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(29), doi:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i29/89110.", "Anzalone, C. R., Kats, L. B., & Gordon, M. S. (1998). Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla, and Taricha torosa. Conservation Biology, 12, 646\u2013653.", "Cummins, C. P., Greenslade, P. D., & McLeod, A. R. (1999). A test of the effect of supplemental UV-B radiation on the common frog, Rana temporaria L., during embryonic development. Global Change Biology, 5, 471-479.", "Langhelle, A., Lindell, M. J., & Nystrom, P. (1999). Effects of ultraviolet radiation on amphibian embryonic and larval development. Journal of Herpetology, 33, 449-456.", "Blaustein, A. R., & Belden, L. K. (2003). Amphibian defenses against ultraviolet-B radiation. Evolution and Development, 5, 89-97.", "Terentiev, P. V. (1950). Lyagushka [Frog]. Moscow, Sovremennaya nauka.", "Sytina, L. A. & Nikolskaya, N. G. (1984). Individual variability of embryos development rate of common frog Rana temporaria L. in nature and experiment. Ecological and morphological studies of early ontogenesis of vertebrates. Moscow, Nauka, 70-96.", "Ankley, G. T., Tietge, J. E., Holcombe, G. W., DeFoe, D. L., Diamond, S. A., Jensen, K. M., & Degitz, S. J. (2000). Effects of laboratory ultraviolet radiation and natural sunlight on survival and development of Rana pipiens. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78(6), 1092-1100. doi:10.1139/z00-040.", "Villamizar, N., Blanco-Vives, B., Migaud, H., Davie, A., Carboni, S., & S\u00e1nchez-V\u00e1zquez, F.J. (2011). Effects of light during early larval development of some aquacultured teleosts: a review. Aquaculture, 315, 86-94. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.036.", "Sierra-Flores, R., Davie, A., Grant, B., Carboni, S., Atack, T. & Migaud, H. (2016). Effects of light spectrum and tank background colour on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae performances. Aquaculture, 450, 6-13. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.06.041.", "Ding, G. H., Lin, Z. H., Zhao, L. H., Fan, X. L., & Wei, L. (2014). Effects of light intensity on activity in four sympatric anuran tadpoles. Zoological Research, 35(4). 332-337. doi:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.4.332."]}
format Text
author Ruchin, A.
author_facet Ruchin, A.
author_sort Ruchin, A.
title Effect Of Monochromatic Light On Early Development Of Amphibians In Experiments.
title_short Effect Of Monochromatic Light On Early Development Of Amphibians In Experiments.
title_full Effect Of Monochromatic Light On Early Development Of Amphibians In Experiments.
title_fullStr Effect Of Monochromatic Light On Early Development Of Amphibians In Experiments.
title_full_unstemmed Effect Of Monochromatic Light On Early Development Of Amphibians In Experiments.
title_sort effect of monochromatic light on early development of amphibians in experiments.
publisher Zenodo
publishDate 2018
url https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345117
https://zenodo.org/record/1345117
long_lat ENVELOPE(-59.733,-59.733,-62.494,-62.494)
ENVELOPE(-62.083,-62.083,-64.733,-64.733)
ENVELOPE(-55.233,-55.233,-61.250,-61.250)
ENVELOPE(-127.689,-127.689,55.254,55.254)
geographic Basso
Blanchard
Blanco
Indian
McLeod
geographic_facet Basso
Blanchard
Blanco
Indian
McLeod
genre Acipenser baerii
atlantic cod
Gadus morhua
Scophthalmus maximus
Siberian sturgeon
Turbot
genre_facet Acipenser baerii
atlantic cod
Gadus morhua
Scophthalmus maximus
Siberian sturgeon
Turbot
op_relation https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345118
op_rights Open Access
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
op_rightsnorm CC-BY
op_doi https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345117
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345118
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spelling ftdatacite:10.5281/zenodo.1345117 2023-05-15T13:01:59+02:00 Effect Of Monochromatic Light On Early Development Of Amphibians In Experiments. Ruchin, A. 2018 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345117 https://zenodo.org/record/1345117 ru rus Zenodo https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345118 Open Access Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC-BY light spectrum development embryos Triturus cristatus Rana arvalis Rana temporaria mortality Text Journal article article-journal ScholarlyArticle 2018 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345117 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345118 2021-11-05T12:55:41Z We studied the impact of environmental color on the early development of two species of Anura (Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria) and one Caudata species (Triturus cristatus). The development rate of Triturus cristatus eggs increased with green–blue light. The illumination color did not affect the rate of embryonic development in species with a short period of early development (Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria). Mortality at embryonic stages varied in different species. In all species red light negatively affected the survival rate of developing eggs. The larvae that started active feeding of all three species were larger in green–blue light than with white and, naturally, red, light. : {"references": ["Konstantinov, A. S., Vechkanov, V. S., Kuznetsov, V. A., & Ruchin, A. B. (2000). Variations in the abiotic environment as a prerequisite for optimal Rana temporaria L. larval development. Doklady Akademii nauk, 371(4), 559-562.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2000). The effect of light oscillations on the growth of fish juveniles and the brown frog (Rana temporaria). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 79(11), 1331-1336.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2001). Some specific features of growth and energetic in young carp (Cyprinus carpio) under various illumination. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 80(4), 433-437.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2003). Effect of monochromatic light on the growth and development of brown frog (Rana temporaria L.) larvae. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, seriya biologicheskaya, 30(5), 482-484.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2006). Effect of light on white blood cell count in carp Cyprinus carpio L. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, seriya biologicheskaya, 33(5), 517-520, doi:10.1134/S1062359006050153.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2007). Effect of photoperiod on growth, physiological and hematological indices of juvenile Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baerii. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, seriya biologicheskaya, 34(6), 583-589.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2007). Dependence of intensity and daily rhythms of feeding of young silver crucian (\u0421arassius auratus (L.)) at various illumination in experiment. Inland Water Biology, (2), 84-87.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2008). The effects of permanent and variable illumination on the growth, physiological and hematological parameters of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) juveniles. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 87(8), 964-972.", "Kuznetsov, V. A., & Ruchin, A. B. (2001). Effect of pH and illumination oscillations on growth rate and development of Rana ridibunda larvae. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 80(10), 1246-1251.", "Ruchin, A. B., Vechkanov, V. S., & Kuznetsov, V. A. (2002). Growth and feeding intensity of young carp Cyprinus carpio under different constant and variable monochromatic illuminations. Voprosy ikhtiologii, 42(2). 236-241.", "Ruchin, A. B., Lobachev \u0415. \u0410., & Ryzhov \u041c. \u041a. (2004). Influence of abiotic factors of the environment on growth rate Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877. Inland Water Biology, (4), 79-83.", "Ruchin, A. B., & Kuznetsov, V. A. (2003). Effects of oscillations temperature and illumination on growth Poecilia r\u0435ticulat\u0430. Inland Water Biology, (3), 88-92.", "Ruchin, A. B., Vechkanov, V. S., & Kuznetsov, V. A. (2005). Influence of photoperiod on growth and intensity of Feeding of fry of some fish species. Hydrobiological Journal, 41(2), 103-109. doi:10.1615/HydrobJ.v41.i2.80.", "Bambozzi, A. C., Filho, J. T., Thomaz, L. A., & Oshiro, L. M. Y. (2004). Effect of the photoperiod on bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802) tadpoles development. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(1), 1-7. doi:10.1590/S1516-35982004000100001.", "Delgado, M. J., Guti\u00e9rrez, P., & Alonso-Bedate, M. (1987). Melatonin and photoperiod alter growth and larval development in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, 86A(3), 417-421.", "Wright, M. L., Jorey, S. T., Blanchard, L. S., & Basso, C. A. (1988). Effect of a light pulse during the dark on photoperiodic regulation of the rate of thyroxine-induced, spontaneous, and prolactin-inhibited metamorphosis in Rana pipiens tadpoles. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 247, 99-108. doi:10.1111/j.1440-169X.1988.00315.x.", "Rose, M. F., & Rose, S. R. (1998). Melatonin accelerates metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. Journal of Pineal Research, 24, 90-95. doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00372.x.", "Laurila, A., Pakkasmaa, S., & Meril\u00e4 J. (2001). Influence of seasonal time constraints on growth and development of common frog tadpoles: a photoperiod experiment. Oikos, 95, 451-460. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.950310.x.", "Baker, B. J., & Richardson, J. M. L. (2006). The effect of artificial light on male breeding-season behaviour in green frogs, Rana clamitans melanota. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 84, 528-1532.", "Buchanan, B. W. (2006). Observed and potential effects of artificial night lighting on anuran amphibians. Chapter 9. Rich, C. and T. Longcore (Eds). Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Island Press; 192-220.", "Wise, S. E., & Buchanan, B. W. (2006). Influence of artificial illumination on the nocturnal behavior and physiology of salamanders. Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting, 221-251.", "Berkovich, E. M. (1954). Influence of white and monochromatic light on animal organisms. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 36(1), 43-63.", "Eichler, V. B., & Gray, L. S. (1976). The influence of environmental lighting on the growth and prometamorphic development of larval Rana pipiens. Development, Growth & Differentiation, 18, 177-182.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2002). Effects of monochromatic light on growth and development of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis larvae. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 81(6), 752-756.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2003). Effects of permanent and variable illumination on development of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis larvae. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 82(7), 834-838.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2004). Effects of temperature and illumination on growth and development of brown frog larvae (Rana temporaria). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 83(12), 1463-1467.", "Ruchin, A. B., Ryzhov, M. K., Lukiyanov, S. V., & Artaev, O. N. (2005). Urban amphibians and reptiles: their specific structure, distribution, number, and biotopes (with an example of Saransk City). Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, (1), 47-59.", "Ruchin, A. B., Lukiyanov, S. V., Ryzhov, \u041c. \u041a., & Chikhlyaev, I. (2008). Biology of Rana arvalis in Mordovia. Information 2. Reproduction, activity and food. Biologicheskie nauki Kazakhstana, (2), 24-33.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2015). Ecology of amphibians and reptiles of Mordovia. Information 2. Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758. Proceedings of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, (14), 344-358.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2018). The effects of illumination on the early development of amphibians (Amphibia: Anura and Caudata). Peri\u00f3dico Tch\u00ea Qu\u00edmica, 15(30). 152-159.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2004). Influence of colored light on growth rate of juveniles of fish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 30(2), 175-178. doi:10.1007/s10695-005-1263-4.", "Ruchin, A. B. (2016). Effect of light on the development of the hard roe of Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(29), doi:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i29/89110.", "Anzalone, C. R., Kats, L. B., & Gordon, M. S. (1998). Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla, and Taricha torosa. Conservation Biology, 12, 646\u2013653.", "Cummins, C. P., Greenslade, P. D., & McLeod, A. R. (1999). A test of the effect of supplemental UV-B radiation on the common frog, Rana temporaria L., during embryonic development. Global Change Biology, 5, 471-479.", "Langhelle, A., Lindell, M. J., & Nystrom, P. (1999). Effects of ultraviolet radiation on amphibian embryonic and larval development. Journal of Herpetology, 33, 449-456.", "Blaustein, A. R., & Belden, L. K. (2003). Amphibian defenses against ultraviolet-B radiation. Evolution and Development, 5, 89-97.", "Terentiev, P. V. (1950). Lyagushka [Frog]. Moscow, Sovremennaya nauka.", "Sytina, L. A. & Nikolskaya, N. G. (1984). Individual variability of embryos development rate of common frog Rana temporaria L. in nature and experiment. Ecological and morphological studies of early ontogenesis of vertebrates. Moscow, Nauka, 70-96.", "Ankley, G. T., Tietge, J. E., Holcombe, G. W., DeFoe, D. L., Diamond, S. A., Jensen, K. M., & Degitz, S. J. (2000). Effects of laboratory ultraviolet radiation and natural sunlight on survival and development of Rana pipiens. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78(6), 1092-1100. doi:10.1139/z00-040.", "Villamizar, N., Blanco-Vives, B., Migaud, H., Davie, A., Carboni, S., & S\u00e1nchez-V\u00e1zquez, F.J. (2011). Effects of light during early larval development of some aquacultured teleosts: a review. Aquaculture, 315, 86-94. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.036.", "Sierra-Flores, R., Davie, A., Grant, B., Carboni, S., Atack, T. & Migaud, H. (2016). Effects of light spectrum and tank background colour on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae performances. Aquaculture, 450, 6-13. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.06.041.", "Ding, G. H., Lin, Z. H., Zhao, L. H., Fan, X. L., & Wei, L. (2014). Effects of light intensity on activity in four sympatric anuran tadpoles. Zoological Research, 35(4). 332-337. doi:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.4.332."]} Text Acipenser baerii atlantic cod Gadus morhua Scophthalmus maximus Siberian sturgeon Turbot DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) Basso ENVELOPE(-59.733,-59.733,-62.494,-62.494) Blanchard ENVELOPE(-62.083,-62.083,-64.733,-64.733) Blanco ENVELOPE(-55.233,-55.233,-61.250,-61.250) Indian McLeod ENVELOPE(-127.689,-127.689,55.254,55.254)