Towards More Geothermal Electricity Generation In Europe

• Main Authors: Dumas, Philippe, van Wees, Jan-Diederik, Manzella, Adele, Nardini, Isabella, Angelino, Luca, Latham, Alexandra, Simeonova, Detelina
• Format: Report
• Language: English
• Published: Zenodo 2014
• Subjects: geothermal energy; resource assessment; exploration; non technical; economics; regulatory aspects; public acceptance; europe; Bali; Cornu; Haug; Kaban; Iceland; ren
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1284294; https://zenodo.org/record/1284294

Geothermal power generation has its roots in Europe, where the first test in 1904 and the real beginning of power generation in 1913 took place, both at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy. Since then, the development of geothermal technology has been continuous and the total installed capacity in Europe currently amounts to 1.8 GWe, generating approximately 11.5 TWh of electric power every year. For a decade, thanks to the optimisation of the new binary system technology, geothermal electricity can be produced using lower temperatures than previously. Moreover, with Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), a breakthrough technology proven since 2007, geothermal power can in theory be produced anywhere in Europe. The main benefits of geothermal power plants are provision of base-load and flexible renewable energy, diversification of the energy mix, and protection against volatile and rising electricity prices. Using geothermal resources can provide economic development opportunities for countries in the form of taxes, royalties, technology export and jobs. The potential of geothermal energy is recognised by some EU Member States in their National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs). However, the actual potential is significantly larger. In order to increase awareness, GEOELEC - an IEE project co-financed by the EU and running between 2010 and 2013- has assessed and presented for the first time the economic potential in Europe in 2020, 2030 and 2050. The figures are quite impressive, showing the large potential of geothermal and the important role it can play in the future electricity mix. : GEOELEC - IEE : {"references": ["EGEC Market Report 2013/2014", "EGEC Market Report 2012", "AGEA-AGEG, 2008. Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, The Geothermal Reporting Code, 2008 Edition, 26 p.", "AGEA-AGEG, 2010. Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, The Geothermal Reporting Code, Second Edition, 28 p.", "CanGEA, 2010. The Canadian Geothermal Code for Public Reporting, Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, 2010 Edition, 32 p.", "IPCC, 2011. IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation \u2013 Geothermal Energy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Working Group III \u2013 Mitigation of Climate Change, 50 p.", "Beardsmore, G.R., Rybach, L., Blackwell, D., and Baron, C., 2010. A protocol for estimating and mapping the global EGS potential, July 2010 edition, 11 p.", "Cloetingh, S., v. Wees, J.D., Ziegler, P.A., Lenkey, L., Beekman, F., Tesauro, M., F\u00f6rster, A., Norden, B., Kaban, M., Hardebol, N., Bont\u00e9, D., Genter, A., Guillou-Frottier, L. Voorde, M.T., Sokoutis,, D. Willingshofer, E., Cornu, T., and Worum, G., 2010. Lithosphere tectonics andthermo-mechanical properties: An integrated modelling approach for Enhanced GeothermalSystems exploration in Europe. Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 102, p. 159-206.", "Davies, J.H. and Davies, D.R., 2010. Earth's surface heat fl ux. Solid Earth, 1, 5\u201324.", "Etherington, J.R., and Ritter, J.E., 2007. The 2007 SPE/AAPG/WPC/SPEE Reserves and Resources Classifi cation, Defi nitions, and Guidelines: Defi ning the Standard!, 2007 SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, Texas, USA, 1-3 April 2007. SPE 107693, 9 p.", "Hurtig, E., Cermak, V., Haenel, R., and Zui, V.(eds.), 1992. Geothermal Atlas of Europe, International Association for Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior, International Heat Flow Commission, Central Institute for Physics of the Earth, Scale 1:2,500,000.", "Williams, C.F., Reed, M.J., and Mariner, R.H., 2008. A Review of Methods Applied by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Assesment of Identifi ed Geothermal Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2008-1296, p.27", "Williams, A.F., Lawless, J.V., Ward, M.A., Holgate, F.L., and Larking, A., 2010. A code for geothermal resources and reserves reporting, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010, 7 p.", "World Petroleum Council. Petroleum Resources Managment System, SPE-AAPG-WPCSPEE, p.47", "Emerging fi nancing scheme for fostering investment in the geothermal energy sector, GEOFAR project, 2011, report coordinated by Erlagen AG.", "European Insurance Scheme to cover Geological Risk related to Geothermal Operations, Final Report, June 1997, report coordinated by the BRGM for the European Commission.", "Handbook on planning and fi nancing geothermal power generation, Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, The Investment Bank for Reconstruction, April 2012.", "European Geothermal Energy Council, 2009. Geothermal electricity and combined heat and power.", "UNEP, 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.", "Dr.T.Reif, GHC Bulletin, 2008. Probability analysis and risk management for geothermal projects,", "H.Kreuter and C.Hecht, proceedings European Geothermal Congress 2007, Unterhaching, Germany, 30 May-1 June 2007. Probability concepts for the evaluation of the risk concerning temperature and the production and injection rate in hydrothermal reservoirs.", "R.Schulz et al., Proceedings European Geothermal Congress, >Unterhaching, Germany, 30 May-1 June 2007. Quantifi cation of exploration risks for hydrogeothermal wells.", "S.K.Sanyal and J.B. Koenig, World Geothermal Congress, Florence, Italy, May 1995. Resource risk and its mitigation for the fi nancing of geothermal projects.", "H.Kreuter and C.Schrage, GeoFund-IGA Geothermal Workshop, Turkey, Istanbul, February 16- 19, 2009. Geothermal market-based insurance schemes.", "B.Richter, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Indonesia, Bali, 25-29 April 2010. Geothermal Energy Plant Unterhaching, Germany.", "H.Kreuster and C.Schrage, GRC Transactions, Vol.33, 2009. Private and State Risk Mitigation Programs for Geothermal Exploration Risk.", "Economist Intelligence Unit, 2011. Managing the risk in renewable energy.", "European Union, Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Text with EEA relevance).", "European Union, Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the fi eld of water policy.", "European Union, Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Text with EEA relevance).", "\u00c1rmannsson, H., Fridriksson, Th., Kristj\u00e1nsson, B.R., 2005: CO2 emissions from geothermal power plants and natural geothermal activity in Iceland.", "Bertani, R., and Thain, I., 2002. Geothermal power generating plant CO2 emission survey, IGA News, 49, 1-3.", "Cataldi, Raffaele, 2001. Social acceptance of geothermal projects - problems and costs. EC International Geothermal course.", "Hauff , Jochen, Conrad Heider, Hanjo Arms, Jochen Gerber, and Martin Schilling, 2011. Gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz als S\u00e4ule der energiepolitischen Zielsetzung.", "Haug, Stefan, and Ren\u00e9 Mono, 2012. Akzeptanz f\u00fcr Erneurbare Energien - Akzeptanz planen, Beteiligung gestalten, Legeitimit\u00e4t gewinnen. guidelines, Berlin: 100 prozent erneuerbare stiftung.", "Holm, A., Jennejohn, D., Blodgett, L., GEA (2012). Geothermal Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Geothermal Energy Association, Report November 2012", "Goldstein, B., Hiriart, G., Bertani, R., Bromley, C., Gutierrez-Negrin, L., Huenges, E., Muraoka, H., Ragnarsson, A., Tester, J., Zui, V. (2011). Geothermal Energy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.", "Nolasco, L. A. F. (2010). Hydrogen sulphide abatement during discharge of geothermal steam from well pads: a case study of well PAD TR-18, El Salvador. Reports 2010, 13, Geothermal Training Programme, Iceland.", "Pellizzone, Allansdottir, De Franco, Muttoni, and Manzella, 2013. Assessment of social acceptance of geothermal energy exploration in southern Italy.\" European Geothermal Conference.", "W\u00fcstenhagen, Rolf, Maarten Wolsink, and Mary Jean B\u00fcrer, 2007. Social Acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept, Energy Policy."]}