Evidence Of Climate Change (Global Warming) And Temperature Increases In Arctic Areas

This paper contributes to the debate on the proximate causes of climate change. Also, it discusses the impact of the global temperature increases since the beginning of the twentieth century and the effectiveness of climate change models in isolating the primary cause (anthropogenic influences or na...

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Main Author: Aikins, Eric Kojo Wu
Format: Text
Language:English
Published: Zenodo 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079003
https://zenodo.org/record/1079003
id ftdatacite:10.5281/zenodo.1079003
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology)
op_collection_id ftdatacite
language English
topic Anthropogenic Effects
Arctic
Climate Change
Natural Variability.
spellingShingle Anthropogenic Effects
Arctic
Climate Change
Natural Variability.
Aikins, Eric Kojo Wu
Evidence Of Climate Change (Global Warming) And Temperature Increases In Arctic Areas
topic_facet Anthropogenic Effects
Arctic
Climate Change
Natural Variability.
description This paper contributes to the debate on the proximate causes of climate change. Also, it discusses the impact of the global temperature increases since the beginning of the twentieth century and the effectiveness of climate change models in isolating the primary cause (anthropogenic influences or natural variability in temperature) of the observed temperature increases that occurred within this period. The paper argues that if climate scientist and policymakers ignore the anthropogenic influence (greenhouse gases) on global warming on the pretense of lack of agreement among various climate models and their inability to account for all the necessary factors of global warming at all levels the current efforts of greenhouse emissions control and global warming as a whole could be exacerbated. : {"references": ["G. Marland, R.A. Pielke, Sr., M. Apps, R. Avissar, R.A. Bett, K.J.\nDavis, K. Kuappi, J. Katzenberger, K.G. MacDicken, R.P. Neilson,\nJ.O. Niles, D.D.S. Niyogi, R.J. Norby, N. Pena, N., Sampson and Y.\nXue, 2003. The climatic impacts of land surface change and carbon\nmanagement, and the implications for climate-change mitigation policy.\nClimate Policy,3, 2003, pp. 149-157.", "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).\nUNEP/IUC/99/2, Information Unit for Conventions, UNEP, Geneva,\n1995.", "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate change\n1994, radiative forcing of climate change and the evaluation of the IPCC\nIS92 emission scenarios. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.\nIn Marland et al., 2003. The climatic impacts of land surface change and\ncarbon management, and the implications for climate-change mitigation\npolicy. Climate Policy, 3, 2003, pp. 149-157.", "F.S. Chapin III, M. Sturm, M.C. Serreze, J.P. McFadden, J.R. Key, A.H\nLloyd, A.D. McGuire, T.S. Rupp, A.H. Lynch, J.P. Schimel, J.\nBeringer, W.L. Chapman, H.E. Epstein, E.S. Euskirchen,, L.D.\nHinzman, G. Jia, C. L. Ping, K.D. Tape, C.D.C. Thompson, D.A.\nWalker, and J.M. Welker. Role of land-surface changes in Arctic\nsummer warming. Science, Vol. 310, 2005, pp. 657-660.", "E. Cluassen.. An effect approach to climate change. Science, Vol. 306,\n2004, pp. 816-817.", "O.M. Johannessen, L. Bengtsson, M.W. Miles, S.I. Kuzmina, V.A.\nSemenov, G.V. Aleeksev, A.P. Nagurnyi, V.F. Zackharov, L.P.\nBobylev, L.H. Petersson, K. Hasselmann and H.P. Cattle. Arctic\nclimate change: observed and modeled temperature and sea-ice\nvariability. Tellus, 56A, 2004, pp. 328-341.", "R.W. Christopherson. Geosystems: An introduction to physical\ngeography. Fifth edition, Pearson education Inc., Upper Saddle. New\nJersey, 2003.", "A. Strahler, and A. Strahler. Introducing physical geography. Third\nedition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 2003.", "A. Getis, J. Getis, and J.D. Fellmann. Introduction to Geography. Eighth\nedition. The MacGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, New York,\n2002.\n[10] W.L. Chameides and M. Bergin. Soot takes center stage. Science, Vol.\n297, 2002, pp. 2214-2215.\n[11] T.L. Delworth and T.R. Knutson. Simulation of early 20th century\nglobal warming. Science, Vol. 287, 2000, pp. 2246-2250.\n[12] P. Thejll and K. Lassen. Solar forcing of the Northern Hemisphere land\nair temperature: New Data. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-\nTerrestrial Physics, 62, 2000, pp. 1207-1213.\n[13] J. Overpeck, K. Hughen, D. Hardy, R. Bradley, R. Case, M.A. Douglas,\nB. Finney, K. Gajewski, G. Jacoby, A. Jennings, S. Lamoureux, G.\nLasca, G. MacDonald, J. Moore, M. Retelle, S. Smith, A. Wolfe, G.\nZielinski. Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries.\nScience, Vol. 278, 1997, pp. 1251-1256.\n[14] S.F.B. Tett, P.A. Scott, M.R. Allen, W.J. Ingram and J.F..B Mitchell\nJ.F.B. Causes of twentieth-century temperature change near the earth-s\nsurface. Nature, Vol. 300, 1999, pp. 569-573.\n[15] J. Hansen, M. Sato, A. Lacis, R. Ruedy, J. Leieveld. The missing\nclimate forcing [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions: Biological\nScience, Vol. 352, No. 1350, 1997, pp. 231-241.\n[16] D.J. Thomson. The seasons, global temperature, and precession. Science,\nNew Series, Vol. 268, No. 5207, 1995, pp. 59-68.\n[17] H.J. de Blij and P.O. Muller. Concepts and Regions in Geography (first\nedition). John Willey and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2003.\n[18] R. Kerr. Pollutant haze cools the greenhouse. Science, Vol. 255, 1992,\npp. 682-683.\n[19] T.R. Karl, R.W. Knight, G. Kukla, and G. Gavin. Evidence for the\nradiative effects of anthropogenic sulphate aerosols in the observed\nclimate record. In E. Friss-Christensen and K. Lassen. Length of solar\ncycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate.\nScience, New Series, Vol. 254, No. 5032,1991, pp. 698-700.\n[20] R. Aanes, B. Saeher, F.M. Smith, E.J. Cooper, P.A. Wookey and N.A.\nOritsland,. The Arctic Oscillation predicts effects of climate change in\ntwo trophic levels in a high-arctic ecosystem. Ecology Letters, 5, 2002,\npp. 445-453.\n[21] R.A. Kerr. A new force in high-latitude climate. Science, Vol. 284, 1999,\npp. 241-284.\n[22] K.M. Lugina, P.Y. Groisman, K.Y. Vinnikov, V.V. Koknaeva and\nN.B. Speranskaya. Monthly surface air temperature time series areaaveraged\nover the 30 degree latitudinal belts of the globe, 1881-2004. In\nTrends: A compendium of data on global change. Carbon Dioxide\nInformation Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2005.\n[23] D. King. Climate change science: adapt, mitigate, or ignore? Science.\nVol. 303, 2004, pp. 176-177.\n[24] T.J. Crowley. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years.\nScience, Vol. 289, 2000, pp. 270-276.\n[25] K.Y. Vinnikov, A. Robock, R.J. Stouffer, J.E. Walsh, C.L. Parkinson,\nD.J. Cavalieri, J.F. Mitchell, D. Garret, and V.F. Zakharov. Global\nwarming and Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent. Science, Vol. 286,\n1999, pp. 1934-1937.\n[26] Kerr, R.A., 1991. Global temperature hits record again. Science, Vol.\n251, p. 251.\n[27] Kerr, R.A., 1988. Is the greenhouse here? Science, Vol. 239, pp. 559-\n561.\n[28] J.E. Hansen, M. Sato, A. Lacis, R. Ruedy, I Tegen, and E. Matthews .\nClimate forcings in the Industrial era. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. Vol.\n95, 1998, pp. 12753-12758.\n[29] P.M. Vitousek. Global environmental change: An introduction. Annu.\nRev. Ecol. Syst. 23, 1992, pp.1-14.\n[30] W.C. Oechel and G.L. Vourlitis. The effects of climate change on landatmospheric\nfeedbacks in arctic tundra regions. Tree. Vol. 9, No. 9,\n1994, pp.324-327.\n[31] V. Brovkin, A. Ganopolski, M. Claussen, C. Kubatzki, and V.\nPetoukhov. Modeling climate response to historical land cover change.\nGlobalEcology and Biogeography, Vol. 8, No. 6, 1999, pp. 509-517.\n[32] S. Manabe, M.J. Spelman, and R.J. Stouffer. Transient responses of a\ncoupled ocean-atmospheric model to gradual changes of atmospheric\nCO2. Part II: Seasonal response. Journal of Climate, Vol. 5, 1922, pp.\n105-126.\n[33] P.E. Damon and S.M. Kunen. Global cooling? Science, New Series, Vol.\n193, No. 4252, 1976, pp. 447-453.\n[34] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Global\nClimate Change: Evidence-How Do We Know, April 26, 2010.\nwww.climate.nasa.gov.\n[35] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Global\nClimate Change Indicators, April 13, 2010. www.ncdc.noaa.gov.\n[36] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change\n2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis,\" www.ipcc.ch.\n[37] National Research Council of the National Academies. Surface\nTemperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years, 2006.\nwww.nap.edu.\n[38] Worldwatch Institute News. Melting of earth-s ice cover reaches high,\n2000, http://www.worldwatch.org/press.\n[39] British Academy Survey, 2004.\n[40] E. Friss-Christensen and K. Lassen. Length of solar cycle: an indicator\nof solar activity closely associated with climate. Science, New Series,\nVol. 254, No. 5032, 1991, pp. 698-700.\n[41] G. C. Reid. Nature, 329, 142, 1987. In E. Friss-Christensen, and K.\nLassen. Length of solar cycle: an indicator of solar activity closely\nassociated with climate. Science, New Series, Vol. 254, No. 5032, 1991,\npp. 698-700.\n[42] M.I. Hoffert, A.J. Callegari, and C.T. Hsieh. . J. Geophys. Res. 85,\n1980, pp. 6667 In E. Friss-Christensen, and K. Lassen. Length of solar\ncycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate.\nScience, New Series, Vol. 254, No. 5032, 1991, pp. 698-700.\n[43] R.A. Kerr. Climate change: Three degrees of consensus. Science, Vol.\n305, No. 5686, 2004, pp. 932-934."]}
format Text
author Aikins, Eric Kojo Wu
author_facet Aikins, Eric Kojo Wu
author_sort Aikins, Eric Kojo Wu
title Evidence Of Climate Change (Global Warming) And Temperature Increases In Arctic Areas
title_short Evidence Of Climate Change (Global Warming) And Temperature Increases In Arctic Areas
title_full Evidence Of Climate Change (Global Warming) And Temperature Increases In Arctic Areas
title_fullStr Evidence Of Climate Change (Global Warming) And Temperature Increases In Arctic Areas
title_full_unstemmed Evidence Of Climate Change (Global Warming) And Temperature Increases In Arctic Areas
title_sort evidence of climate change (global warming) and temperature increases in arctic areas
publisher Zenodo
publishDate 2012
url https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079003
https://zenodo.org/record/1079003
long_lat ENVELOPE(47.867,47.867,-67.967,-67.967)
ENVELOPE(72.556,72.556,-70.145,-70.145)
ENVELOPE(-65.415,-65.415,-65.427,-65.427)
ENVELOPE(65.633,65.633,-70.433,-70.433)
ENVELOPE(-57.683,-57.683,-63.783,-63.783)
ENVELOPE(40.562,40.562,63.490,63.490)
ENVELOPE(162.967,162.967,-71.050,-71.050)
ENVELOPE(130.617,130.617,64.650,64.650)
geographic Arctic
Christensen
Jennings
Johannessen
Kerr
Lynch
Pena
Sturm
Zakharov
geographic_facet Arctic
Christensen
Jennings
Johannessen
Kerr
Lynch
Pena
Sturm
Zakharov
genre Arctic
Climate change
Global warming
Sea ice
Tundra
genre_facet Arctic
Climate change
Global warming
Sea ice
Tundra
op_relation https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079004
op_rights Open Access
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
op_rightsnorm CC-BY
op_doi https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079003
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079004
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spelling ftdatacite:10.5281/zenodo.1079003 2023-05-15T15:01:24+02:00 Evidence Of Climate Change (Global Warming) And Temperature Increases In Arctic Areas Aikins, Eric Kojo Wu 2012 https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079003 https://zenodo.org/record/1079003 en eng Zenodo https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079004 Open Access Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC-BY Anthropogenic Effects Arctic Climate Change Natural Variability. Text Journal article article-journal ScholarlyArticle 2012 ftdatacite https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079003 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079004 2021-11-05T12:55:41Z This paper contributes to the debate on the proximate causes of climate change. Also, it discusses the impact of the global temperature increases since the beginning of the twentieth century and the effectiveness of climate change models in isolating the primary cause (anthropogenic influences or natural variability in temperature) of the observed temperature increases that occurred within this period. The paper argues that if climate scientist and policymakers ignore the anthropogenic influence (greenhouse gases) on global warming on the pretense of lack of agreement among various climate models and their inability to account for all the necessary factors of global warming at all levels the current efforts of greenhouse emissions control and global warming as a whole could be exacerbated. : {"references": ["G. Marland, R.A. Pielke, Sr., M. Apps, R. Avissar, R.A. Bett, K.J.\nDavis, K. Kuappi, J. Katzenberger, K.G. MacDicken, R.P. Neilson,\nJ.O. Niles, D.D.S. Niyogi, R.J. Norby, N. Pena, N., Sampson and Y.\nXue, 2003. The climatic impacts of land surface change and carbon\nmanagement, and the implications for climate-change mitigation policy.\nClimate Policy,3, 2003, pp. 149-157.", "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).\nUNEP/IUC/99/2, Information Unit for Conventions, UNEP, Geneva,\n1995.", "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate change\n1994, radiative forcing of climate change and the evaluation of the IPCC\nIS92 emission scenarios. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.\nIn Marland et al., 2003. The climatic impacts of land surface change and\ncarbon management, and the implications for climate-change mitigation\npolicy. Climate Policy, 3, 2003, pp. 149-157.", "F.S. Chapin III, M. Sturm, M.C. Serreze, J.P. McFadden, J.R. Key, A.H\nLloyd, A.D. McGuire, T.S. Rupp, A.H. Lynch, J.P. Schimel, J.\nBeringer, W.L. Chapman, H.E. Epstein, E.S. Euskirchen,, L.D.\nHinzman, G. Jia, C. L. Ping, K.D. Tape, C.D.C. Thompson, D.A.\nWalker, and J.M. Welker. Role of land-surface changes in Arctic\nsummer warming. Science, Vol. 310, 2005, pp. 657-660.", "E. Cluassen.. An effect approach to climate change. Science, Vol. 306,\n2004, pp. 816-817.", "O.M. Johannessen, L. Bengtsson, M.W. Miles, S.I. Kuzmina, V.A.\nSemenov, G.V. Aleeksev, A.P. Nagurnyi, V.F. Zackharov, L.P.\nBobylev, L.H. Petersson, K. Hasselmann and H.P. Cattle. Arctic\nclimate change: observed and modeled temperature and sea-ice\nvariability. Tellus, 56A, 2004, pp. 328-341.", "R.W. Christopherson. Geosystems: An introduction to physical\ngeography. Fifth edition, Pearson education Inc., Upper Saddle. New\nJersey, 2003.", "A. Strahler, and A. Strahler. Introducing physical geography. Third\nedition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 2003.", "A. Getis, J. Getis, and J.D. Fellmann. Introduction to Geography. Eighth\nedition. The MacGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, New York,\n2002.\n[10] W.L. Chameides and M. Bergin. Soot takes center stage. Science, Vol.\n297, 2002, pp. 2214-2215.\n[11] T.L. Delworth and T.R. Knutson. Simulation of early 20th century\nglobal warming. Science, Vol. 287, 2000, pp. 2246-2250.\n[12] P. Thejll and K. Lassen. Solar forcing of the Northern Hemisphere land\nair temperature: New Data. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-\nTerrestrial Physics, 62, 2000, pp. 1207-1213.\n[13] J. Overpeck, K. Hughen, D. Hardy, R. Bradley, R. Case, M.A. Douglas,\nB. Finney, K. Gajewski, G. Jacoby, A. Jennings, S. Lamoureux, G.\nLasca, G. MacDonald, J. Moore, M. Retelle, S. Smith, A. Wolfe, G.\nZielinski. Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries.\nScience, Vol. 278, 1997, pp. 1251-1256.\n[14] S.F.B. Tett, P.A. Scott, M.R. Allen, W.J. Ingram and J.F..B Mitchell\nJ.F.B. Causes of twentieth-century temperature change near the earth-s\nsurface. Nature, Vol. 300, 1999, pp. 569-573.\n[15] J. Hansen, M. Sato, A. Lacis, R. Ruedy, J. Leieveld. The missing\nclimate forcing [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions: Biological\nScience, Vol. 352, No. 1350, 1997, pp. 231-241.\n[16] D.J. Thomson. The seasons, global temperature, and precession. Science,\nNew Series, Vol. 268, No. 5207, 1995, pp. 59-68.\n[17] H.J. de Blij and P.O. Muller. Concepts and Regions in Geography (first\nedition). John Willey and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2003.\n[18] R. Kerr. Pollutant haze cools the greenhouse. Science, Vol. 255, 1992,\npp. 682-683.\n[19] T.R. Karl, R.W. Knight, G. Kukla, and G. Gavin. Evidence for the\nradiative effects of anthropogenic sulphate aerosols in the observed\nclimate record. In E. Friss-Christensen and K. Lassen. Length of solar\ncycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate.\nScience, New Series, Vol. 254, No. 5032,1991, pp. 698-700.\n[20] R. Aanes, B. Saeher, F.M. Smith, E.J. Cooper, P.A. Wookey and N.A.\nOritsland,. The Arctic Oscillation predicts effects of climate change in\ntwo trophic levels in a high-arctic ecosystem. Ecology Letters, 5, 2002,\npp. 445-453.\n[21] R.A. Kerr. A new force in high-latitude climate. Science, Vol. 284, 1999,\npp. 241-284.\n[22] K.M. Lugina, P.Y. Groisman, K.Y. Vinnikov, V.V. Koknaeva and\nN.B. Speranskaya. Monthly surface air temperature time series areaaveraged\nover the 30 degree latitudinal belts of the globe, 1881-2004. In\nTrends: A compendium of data on global change. Carbon Dioxide\nInformation Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2005.\n[23] D. King. Climate change science: adapt, mitigate, or ignore? Science.\nVol. 303, 2004, pp. 176-177.\n[24] T.J. Crowley. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years.\nScience, Vol. 289, 2000, pp. 270-276.\n[25] K.Y. Vinnikov, A. Robock, R.J. Stouffer, J.E. Walsh, C.L. Parkinson,\nD.J. Cavalieri, J.F. Mitchell, D. Garret, and V.F. Zakharov. Global\nwarming and Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent. Science, Vol. 286,\n1999, pp. 1934-1937.\n[26] Kerr, R.A., 1991. Global temperature hits record again. Science, Vol.\n251, p. 251.\n[27] Kerr, R.A., 1988. Is the greenhouse here? Science, Vol. 239, pp. 559-\n561.\n[28] J.E. Hansen, M. Sato, A. Lacis, R. Ruedy, I Tegen, and E. Matthews .\nClimate forcings in the Industrial era. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. Vol.\n95, 1998, pp. 12753-12758.\n[29] P.M. Vitousek. Global environmental change: An introduction. Annu.\nRev. Ecol. Syst. 23, 1992, pp.1-14.\n[30] W.C. Oechel and G.L. Vourlitis. The effects of climate change on landatmospheric\nfeedbacks in arctic tundra regions. Tree. Vol. 9, No. 9,\n1994, pp.324-327.\n[31] V. Brovkin, A. Ganopolski, M. Claussen, C. Kubatzki, and V.\nPetoukhov. Modeling climate response to historical land cover change.\nGlobalEcology and Biogeography, Vol. 8, No. 6, 1999, pp. 509-517.\n[32] S. Manabe, M.J. Spelman, and R.J. Stouffer. Transient responses of a\ncoupled ocean-atmospheric model to gradual changes of atmospheric\nCO2. Part II: Seasonal response. Journal of Climate, Vol. 5, 1922, pp.\n105-126.\n[33] P.E. Damon and S.M. Kunen. Global cooling? Science, New Series, Vol.\n193, No. 4252, 1976, pp. 447-453.\n[34] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Global\nClimate Change: Evidence-How Do We Know, April 26, 2010.\nwww.climate.nasa.gov.\n[35] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Global\nClimate Change Indicators, April 13, 2010. www.ncdc.noaa.gov.\n[36] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change\n2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis,\" www.ipcc.ch.\n[37] National Research Council of the National Academies. Surface\nTemperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years, 2006.\nwww.nap.edu.\n[38] Worldwatch Institute News. Melting of earth-s ice cover reaches high,\n2000, http://www.worldwatch.org/press.\n[39] British Academy Survey, 2004.\n[40] E. Friss-Christensen and K. Lassen. Length of solar cycle: an indicator\nof solar activity closely associated with climate. Science, New Series,\nVol. 254, No. 5032, 1991, pp. 698-700.\n[41] G. C. Reid. Nature, 329, 142, 1987. In E. Friss-Christensen, and K.\nLassen. Length of solar cycle: an indicator of solar activity closely\nassociated with climate. Science, New Series, Vol. 254, No. 5032, 1991,\npp. 698-700.\n[42] M.I. Hoffert, A.J. Callegari, and C.T. Hsieh. . J. Geophys. Res. 85,\n1980, pp. 6667 In E. Friss-Christensen, and K. Lassen. Length of solar\ncycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate.\nScience, New Series, Vol. 254, No. 5032, 1991, pp. 698-700.\n[43] R.A. Kerr. Climate change: Three degrees of consensus. Science, Vol.\n305, No. 5686, 2004, pp. 932-934."]} Text Arctic Climate change Global warming Sea ice Tundra DataCite Metadata Store (German National Library of Science and Technology) Arctic Christensen ENVELOPE(47.867,47.867,-67.967,-67.967) Jennings ENVELOPE(72.556,72.556,-70.145,-70.145) Johannessen ENVELOPE(-65.415,-65.415,-65.427,-65.427) Kerr ENVELOPE(65.633,65.633,-70.433,-70.433) Lynch ENVELOPE(-57.683,-57.683,-63.783,-63.783) Pena ENVELOPE(40.562,40.562,63.490,63.490) Sturm ENVELOPE(162.967,162.967,-71.050,-71.050) Zakharov ENVELOPE(130.617,130.617,64.650,64.650)