Seawater carbonate chemistry and the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, supplement to: Cohen‐Rengifo, Mishal; Agüera, Antonio; Bouma, Tjeerd J; M'Zoudi, Saloua; Flammang, Patrick; Dubois, Philippe (2019): Ocean warming and acidification alter the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Ecology and Evolution, 9(21), 12128-12143

• Main Authors: Cohen‐Rengifo, Mishal, Agüera, Antonio, Bouma, Tjeerd J, M'Zoudi, Saloua, Flammang, Patrick, Dubois, Philippe
• Format: Dataset
• Language: English
• Published: PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science 2019
• Subjects: Acid-base regulation; Animalia; Behaviour; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria <20 L; Coast and continental shelf; Echinodermata; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; North Atlantic; Other studied parameter or process; Paracentrotus lividus; Respiration; Single species; Temperate; Temperature; Type; Species; Registration number of species; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Treatment; Identification; Respiration rate, oxygen; Coelomic fluid, pH; Coelomic fluid, alkalinity; Buffer capacity; Surface area; Force; Tenacity; Breaking force; Extensibility; Strength; Stiffness; Toughness; Number; Diameter; Height; Length; Flow velocity, water; Velocity; Angle; Tube foot density; Percentage; Movement velocity; Direction; Circularity; Aspect ratio; Growth; Time in weeks; Tenacity, standard deviation; Force, standard deviation; Surface area, standard deviation; Breaking force, standard deviation; Extensibility, standard deviation; Strength, standard deviation; Stiffness, standard deviation; Toughness, standard deviation; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; pH; pH, standard deviation; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet air; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Fugacity of carbon dioxide water at sea surface temperature wet air; Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Experiment; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. 2010; Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. 2018; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre OA-ICC; DuBois; Ocean acidification
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.912260; https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.912260

Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are intensively investigated as they pose major threats to marine organism. However, little effort is dedicated to another collateral climate change stressor, the increased frequency, and intensity of storm events, here referred to as intensified hydrodynamics. A 2‐month experiment was performed to identify how OW and OA (temperature: 21°C; pHT: 7.7, 7.4; control: 17°C‐pHT7.9) affect the resistance to hydrodynamics in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus using an integrative approach that includes physiology, biomechanics, and behavior. Biomechanics was studied under both no‐flow condition at the tube foot (TF) scale and flow condition at the individual scale. For the former, TF disk adhesive properties (attachment strength, tenacity) and TF stem mechanical properties (breaking force, extensibility, tensile strength, stiffness, toughness) were evaluated. For the latter, resistance to flow was addressed as the flow velocity at which individuals detached. Under near‐ and far‐future OW and OA, individuals fully balanced their acid‐base status, but skeletal growth was halved. TF adhesive properties were not affected by treatments. Compared to the control, mechanical properties were in general improved under pHT7.7 while in the extreme treatment (21°C‐pHT7.4) breaking force was diminished. Three behavioral strategies were implemented by sea urchins and acted together to cope with flow: improving TF attachment, streamlining, and escaping. Behavioral responses varied according to treatment and flow velocity. For instance, individuals at 21°C‐pHT7.4 increased the density of attached TF at slow flows or controlled TF detachment at fast flows to compensate for weakened TF mechanical properties. They also showed an absence of streamlining favoring an escaping behavior as they ventured in a riskier faster movement at slow flows. At faster flows, the effects of OW and OA were detrimental causing earlier dislodgment. These plastic behaviors reflect a potential scope for acclimation in the field, where this species already experiences diel temperature and pH fluctuations. : In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2019) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2020-02-17.