CSES Module 1 Full Release

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is availabl...

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Main Author: The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
Other Authors: Rotman, David, McAllister, Ian, Levitskaya, Irina, Veremeeva, Natalia, Billiet, Jaak, Frognier, André-Paul, Blais, André, Gidengil, Elisabeth, Nevitte, Neil, Nadeau, Richard, Lagos, Marta, Tóka, Gábor, Andersen, Jørgen G., Schmitt, Hermann, Weßels, Bernhard, Curtice, John, Heath, Anthony, Norris, Pippa, Jowell, Roger, Pang-kwong, Li, Hardarson, Ólafur T., Arian, Asher, Shamir, Michal, Nishizawa, Yoshitaka, Lee, Nam-Young, Alisauskiene, Rasa, Liubsiene, Elena, Beltrán, Ulises, Nacif Hernández, Benito, Aimer, Peter, Aarts, Kees, Karp, Jeffrey A., Banducci, Susan, Vowles, Jack, Aardal, Bernt, Valen, Henry, Romero, Catalina, Jasiewicz, Krzysztof, Markowski, Radoslaw, Barreto, Antonio, Freire, Andre, Badescu, Gabriel, Sum, Paul, Colton, Timothy, Kozyreva, Polina, Stebe, Janez, Tos, Niko, Díez Nicolás, Juan, Holmberg, Sören, Hardmeier, Sibylle
Format: Dataset
Language:English
Published: CSES - Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 2015
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15
id ftdara:oai:oai.da-ra.de:465787
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection da|ra - Registration agency for social and economic data
op_collection_id ftdara
language English
topic Political Attitudes and Behavior
Politische Verhaltensweisen und Einstellungen/Meinungen
Wahlen
Mass political behaviour
attitudes/opinion
Elections
spellingShingle Political Attitudes and Behavior
Politische Verhaltensweisen und Einstellungen/Meinungen
Wahlen
Mass political behaviour
attitudes/opinion
Elections
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
CSES Module 1 Full Release
topic_facet Political Attitudes and Behavior
Politische Verhaltensweisen und Einstellungen/Meinungen
Wahlen
Mass political behaviour
attitudes/opinion
Elections
description The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors;election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; current employment status; main occupation; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; occupation of chief wage earner and of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence Survey variables: respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; last election was conducted fairly; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; political parties care what people think; political parties are necessary; recall of candidates from the last election (name, gender and party); number of candidates correctly named; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of the state of the economy in the country; assessment of economic development in the country; degree of improvement or deterioration of economy; politicians know what people think; contact with a member of parliament or congress during the past twelve months; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; people express their political opinion; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political information items DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district MACRO-LEVEL DATA: founding year of parties; ideological families of parties; international organization the parties belong to; left-right position of parties assigned by experts; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; most salient factors in the election; head of state (regime type); if multiple rounds: selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; procedure for candidate selection at final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election of head of state; head of government (president or prime minister); selection of prime minister; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; electoral formula; party threshold; parties can run joint lists; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; ally party support; constitutional prerogatives of the head of state; constitutional powers of prime minister; methods of cabinet dismissal; dissolution of legislature Die Grundgesamtheit unterscheidet sich nach Ländern. In den meisten Ländern sind es alle Wahlberechtigten oder die Wohnbevölkerung im Alter von 18 Jahren oder älter. The universe differs across countries. In most countries it includes eligible voters or residents aged 18 or older. Auswahlverfahren Kommentar: Das Auswahlverfahren unterscheidet sich nach Ländern. In dem meisten Fällen wurde eine mehrstufige geschichtete Klumpenauswahl oder eine geschichtete systematische Zufallsauswahl verwendet. Mehr Informationen über die verwendeten Auswahlverfahren lassen sich dem Codebuch entnehmen. Sampling Procedure Comment: Sampling procedures differ across countries. In most cases multistage stratified cluster sampling or stratified systematic random sampling was used. Detailed information on sampling for most countries is available in the codebook. Information on funding These materials are based on work supported by the American National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov) under grant SES-0112029, the University of Michigan, and the many organizations that fund election studies by CSES collaborators. Disclaimer Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in these materials are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations. Further country-specific documentation Field questionnaires, macro reports, and design reports are provided for download on the website CSES Module 1 Election Study Archive Individualebene: Datenerhebungsverfahren unterscheiden sich nach Ländern. In den meisten Fällen wurde ein standardisierter Fragebogen in persönlichen Befragungen, telefonischen Befragungen oder als standardisierter Selbstausfüller eingesetzt. Wahlbezirksebene: Aggregation von Daten aus der amtlichen Wahlstatistik. Länderebene: Expertenbefragung mit standardisiertem Selbstausfüller. Individual level: Modes of data collection differ across countries. A standardized questionnaire was administered in face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews or as fixed form self-administered questionnaire. District level: Aggregation of official electoral statistics. Country level: Expert survey using fixed form self-administered questionnaire.
author2 Rotman, David
McAllister, Ian
Levitskaya, Irina
Veremeeva, Natalia
Billiet, Jaak
Frognier, André-Paul
Blais, André
Gidengil, Elisabeth
Nevitte, Neil
Nadeau, Richard
Lagos, Marta
Tóka, Gábor
Andersen, Jørgen G.
Schmitt, Hermann
Weßels, Bernhard
Curtice, John
Heath, Anthony
Norris, Pippa
Jowell, Roger
Pang-kwong, Li
Hardarson, Ólafur T.
Arian, Asher
Shamir, Michal
Nishizawa, Yoshitaka
Lee, Nam-Young
Alisauskiene, Rasa
Liubsiene, Elena
Beltrán, Ulises
Nacif Hernández, Benito
Aimer, Peter
Aarts, Kees
Karp, Jeffrey A.
Banducci, Susan
Vowles, Jack
Aardal, Bernt
Valen, Henry
Romero, Catalina
Jasiewicz, Krzysztof
Markowski, Radoslaw
Barreto, Antonio
Freire, Andre
Badescu, Gabriel
Sum, Paul
Colton, Timothy
Kozyreva, Polina
Stebe, Janez
Tos, Niko
Díez Nicolás, Juan
Holmberg, Sören
Hardmeier, Sibylle
format Dataset
author The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
author_facet The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
author_sort The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
title CSES Module 1 Full Release
title_short CSES Module 1 Full Release
title_full CSES Module 1 Full Release
title_fullStr CSES Module 1 Full Release
title_full_unstemmed CSES Module 1 Full Release
title_sort cses module 1 full release
publisher CSES - Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
publishDate 2015
url https://doi.org/10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15
op_coverage Australia
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany
Great Britain
Hong Kong
Iceland
Hungary
Israel
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
United States
Lithuania
Belarus
Thailand
Ukraine
1996-03-02 - 1996-06-24
Australia
Australien
2001-09-24 - 2001-10-06
Belarus
Belarus
1999-09 - 2000-01
Belgium-Flanders
Belgien-Flandern
1999-09 - 2000-01
Belgium-Walloon
Belgien-Wallonien
1997-06-03 - 1997-08-03
Canada
Kanada
1999-01
Chile (between rounds of majoritarian election)
Chile (between rounds of majoritarian election)
1996-06-10 - 1996-06-18
Czech Republic (pre/post)
Tschechische Republik (pre/post)
1998-04-06 - 1998-06-16
Denmark
Dänemark
1998-09-28 - 1998-10-17
Germany
Deutschland
1997-05-01 - 1997-07-29
Great Britain
Großbritannien
1998-06-01 - 1998-08-31
Hong Kong (post 1)
Hong Kong (post 1)
2000-09-17 - 2001-01-31
Hong Kong (post 2)
Hong Kong (post 2)
1998-03-24 - 1998-05-21
Hungary (between rounds of majoritarian election)
Ungarn (between rounds of majoritarian election)
1999-05-24 - 1999-06-23
Iceland
Island
1996-07-13 - 1996-08-07
Israel
Israel
1996-10-22 - 1996-11-03
Japan (pre/post)
Japan (pre/post)
2000-05-12 - 2000-05-23
Korea
Korea
1998-01-13 - 1998-01-20
Lithuania
Litauen
1997-07-14 - 1997-07-29
Mexico
Mexiko
2000-07-15 - 2000-07-20
Mexico
Mexiko
1998-05-11 - 1998-07-04
Netherlands (pre/post)
Niederlande (pre/post)
1996-10-13 - 1996-12-24
New Zealand
Neuseeland
1997-09-16 - 1997-11-30
Norway
Norwegen
2000-05-05 - 2000-05-08
Peru (post)
Peru (post)
2001-04-21 - 2001-04-23
Peru (between rounds of majoritarian election)
Peru (between rounds of majoritarian election)
1997-09-29 - 1997-10-06
Poland
Polen
2002-03-23 - 2002-04-08
Portugal
Portugal
1996-11-26 - 1996-12-03
Romania
Rumänien
1999-12-25 - 2000-01-31
Russian Federation (pre/post)
Russische Föderation (pre/post)
2000-04-09 - 2000-06-10
Russian Federation (pre/post)
Russische Föderation (pre/post)
1997-10-04 - 1997-11-07
Slovenia
Slowenien
1996-03-11 - 1996-03-16
Spain (post)
Spanien (post)
2000-03-13 - 2000-03-20
Spain (post)
Spanien (post)
1998-09-11 - 1998-11-21
Sweden
Schweden
1999-10-25 - 1999-11-17
Switzerland
Schweiz
1996-06 - 1996-09
Taiwan
Taiwan
2001
Thailand (pre/post)
Thailand (pre/post)
1998-04-01 - 1998-04-16
Ukraine
Ukraine
1996-09-03 - 1997-01-02
United States (pre/post)
Vereinigte Staaten (pre/post)
geographic Canada
New Zealand
Norway
geographic_facet Canada
New Zealand
Norway
genre Iceland
genre_facet Iceland
op_relation DOI:10.7804/cses.module1.2003-08-04
doi:10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15
ZA-No.: ZA5179
FDZ: Internationale Umfrageprogramme
op_rights Alle im GESIS DBK veröffentlichten Metadaten sind frei verfügbar unter den Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. GESIS bittet jedoch darum, dass Sie alle Metadatenquellen anerkennen und sie nennen, etwa die Datengeber oder jeglichen Aggregator, inklusive GESIS selbst. Für weitere Informationen siehe https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/guidelines.asp?db=d
All metadata from GESIS DBK are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, GESIS requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources, such as the data providers and any data aggregators, including GESIS. For further information see https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/guidelines.asp
Download
0 - Daten und Dokumente sind für jedermann freigegeben.
0 - Data and documents are released for everybody.
op_rightsnorm PDM
CC0
CC-BY
op_doi https://doi.org/10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15
https://doi.org/10.7804/cses.module1.2003-08-04
_version_ 1766043900881928192
spelling ftdara:oai:oai.da-ra.de:465787 2023-05-15T16:53:22+02:00 CSES Module 1 Full Release Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (1996-2001) The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Rotman, David McAllister, Ian Levitskaya, Irina Veremeeva, Natalia Billiet, Jaak Frognier, André-Paul Blais, André Gidengil, Elisabeth Nevitte, Neil Nadeau, Richard Lagos, Marta Tóka, Gábor Andersen, Jørgen G. Schmitt, Hermann Weßels, Bernhard Curtice, John Heath, Anthony Norris, Pippa Jowell, Roger Pang-kwong, Li Hardarson, Ólafur T. Arian, Asher Shamir, Michal Nishizawa, Yoshitaka Lee, Nam-Young Alisauskiene, Rasa Liubsiene, Elena Beltrán, Ulises Nacif Hernández, Benito Aimer, Peter Aarts, Kees Karp, Jeffrey A. Banducci, Susan Vowles, Jack Aardal, Bernt Valen, Henry Romero, Catalina Jasiewicz, Krzysztof Markowski, Radoslaw Barreto, Antonio Freire, Andre Badescu, Gabriel Sum, Paul Colton, Timothy Kozyreva, Polina Stebe, Janez Tos, Niko Díez Nicolás, Juan Holmberg, Sören Hardmeier, Sibylle Australia Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Iceland Hungary Israel Japan Korea, Republic of Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United States Lithuania Belarus Thailand Ukraine 1996-03-02 - 1996-06-24 Australia Australien 2001-09-24 - 2001-10-06 Belarus Belarus 1999-09 - 2000-01 Belgium-Flanders Belgien-Flandern 1999-09 - 2000-01 Belgium-Walloon Belgien-Wallonien 1997-06-03 - 1997-08-03 Canada Kanada 1999-01 Chile (between rounds of majoritarian election) Chile (between rounds of majoritarian election) 1996-06-10 - 1996-06-18 Czech Republic (pre/post) Tschechische Republik (pre/post) 1998-04-06 - 1998-06-16 Denmark Dänemark 1998-09-28 - 1998-10-17 Germany Deutschland 1997-05-01 - 1997-07-29 Great Britain Großbritannien 1998-06-01 - 1998-08-31 Hong Kong (post 1) Hong Kong (post 1) 2000-09-17 - 2001-01-31 Hong Kong (post 2) Hong Kong (post 2) 1998-03-24 - 1998-05-21 Hungary (between rounds of majoritarian election) Ungarn (between rounds of majoritarian election) 1999-05-24 - 1999-06-23 Iceland Island 1996-07-13 - 1996-08-07 Israel Israel 1996-10-22 - 1996-11-03 Japan (pre/post) Japan (pre/post) 2000-05-12 - 2000-05-23 Korea Korea 1998-01-13 - 1998-01-20 Lithuania Litauen 1997-07-14 - 1997-07-29 Mexico Mexiko 2000-07-15 - 2000-07-20 Mexico Mexiko 1998-05-11 - 1998-07-04 Netherlands (pre/post) Niederlande (pre/post) 1996-10-13 - 1996-12-24 New Zealand Neuseeland 1997-09-16 - 1997-11-30 Norway Norwegen 2000-05-05 - 2000-05-08 Peru (post) Peru (post) 2001-04-21 - 2001-04-23 Peru (between rounds of majoritarian election) Peru (between rounds of majoritarian election) 1997-09-29 - 1997-10-06 Poland Polen 2002-03-23 - 2002-04-08 Portugal Portugal 1996-11-26 - 1996-12-03 Romania Rumänien 1999-12-25 - 2000-01-31 Russian Federation (pre/post) Russische Föderation (pre/post) 2000-04-09 - 2000-06-10 Russian Federation (pre/post) Russische Föderation (pre/post) 1997-10-04 - 1997-11-07 Slovenia Slowenien 1996-03-11 - 1996-03-16 Spain (post) Spanien (post) 2000-03-13 - 2000-03-20 Spain (post) Spanien (post) 1998-09-11 - 1998-11-21 Sweden Schweden 1999-10-25 - 1999-11-17 Switzerland Schweiz 1996-06 - 1996-09 Taiwan Taiwan 2001 Thailand (pre/post) Thailand (pre/post) 1998-04-01 - 1998-04-16 Ukraine Ukraine 1996-09-03 - 1997-01-02 United States (pre/post) Vereinigte Staaten (pre/post) 2015-12-15 https://doi.org/10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15 English eng CSES - Comparative Study of Electoral Systems DOI:10.7804/cses.module1.2003-08-04 doi:10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15 ZA-No.: ZA5179 FDZ: Internationale Umfrageprogramme Alle im GESIS DBK veröffentlichten Metadaten sind frei verfügbar unter den Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. GESIS bittet jedoch darum, dass Sie alle Metadatenquellen anerkennen und sie nennen, etwa die Datengeber oder jeglichen Aggregator, inklusive GESIS selbst. Für weitere Informationen siehe https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/guidelines.asp?db=d All metadata from GESIS DBK are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, GESIS requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources, such as the data providers and any data aggregators, including GESIS. For further information see https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/guidelines.asp Download 0 - Daten und Dokumente sind für jedermann freigegeben. 0 - Data and documents are released for everybody. PDM CC0 CC-BY Political Attitudes and Behavior Politische Verhaltensweisen und Einstellungen/Meinungen Wahlen Mass political behaviour attitudes/opinion Elections Dataset Umfrage- und Aggregatdaten Survey and aggregate data 2015 ftdara https://doi.org/10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15 https://doi.org/10.7804/cses.module1.2003-08-04 2022-05-13T06:14:32Z The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors;election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; current employment status; main occupation; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; occupation of chief wage earner and of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence Survey variables: respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; last election was conducted fairly; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; political parties care what people think; political parties are necessary; recall of candidates from the last election (name, gender and party); number of candidates correctly named; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of the state of the economy in the country; assessment of economic development in the country; degree of improvement or deterioration of economy; politicians know what people think; contact with a member of parliament or congress during the past twelve months; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; people express their political opinion; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political information items DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district MACRO-LEVEL DATA: founding year of parties; ideological families of parties; international organization the parties belong to; left-right position of parties assigned by experts; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; most salient factors in the election; head of state (regime type); if multiple rounds: selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; procedure for candidate selection at final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election of head of state; head of government (president or prime minister); selection of prime minister; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; electoral formula; party threshold; parties can run joint lists; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; ally party support; constitutional prerogatives of the head of state; constitutional powers of prime minister; methods of cabinet dismissal; dissolution of legislature Die Grundgesamtheit unterscheidet sich nach Ländern. In den meisten Ländern sind es alle Wahlberechtigten oder die Wohnbevölkerung im Alter von 18 Jahren oder älter. The universe differs across countries. In most countries it includes eligible voters or residents aged 18 or older. Auswahlverfahren Kommentar: Das Auswahlverfahren unterscheidet sich nach Ländern. In dem meisten Fällen wurde eine mehrstufige geschichtete Klumpenauswahl oder eine geschichtete systematische Zufallsauswahl verwendet. Mehr Informationen über die verwendeten Auswahlverfahren lassen sich dem Codebuch entnehmen. Sampling Procedure Comment: Sampling procedures differ across countries. In most cases multistage stratified cluster sampling or stratified systematic random sampling was used. Detailed information on sampling for most countries is available in the codebook. Information on funding These materials are based on work supported by the American National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov) under grant SES-0112029, the University of Michigan, and the many organizations that fund election studies by CSES collaborators. Disclaimer Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in these materials are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations. Further country-specific documentation Field questionnaires, macro reports, and design reports are provided for download on the website CSES Module 1 Election Study Archive Individualebene: Datenerhebungsverfahren unterscheiden sich nach Ländern. In den meisten Fällen wurde ein standardisierter Fragebogen in persönlichen Befragungen, telefonischen Befragungen oder als standardisierter Selbstausfüller eingesetzt. Wahlbezirksebene: Aggregation von Daten aus der amtlichen Wahlstatistik. Länderebene: Expertenbefragung mit standardisiertem Selbstausfüller. Individual level: Modes of data collection differ across countries. A standardized questionnaire was administered in face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews or as fixed form self-administered questionnaire. District level: Aggregation of official electoral statistics. Country level: Expert survey using fixed form self-administered questionnaire. Dataset Iceland da|ra - Registration agency for social and economic data Canada New Zealand Norway